From bd3877e1b1b235f17df9e3b800fb4f3a75bca082 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?=E9=9B=B7=E7=94=B5=E8=8A=BD=E8=A1=A3?=
 <zhangyanghaha0407@outlook.com>
Date: Sun, 11 Oct 2026 20:58:30 -0400
Subject: [PATCH] Add feedback components 106-130; inert scope, focus return,
 two-step deploy

---
 AGENTS.md                          |   8 +-
 cmd/web/main.go                    |   3 +-
 display/avatar.go                  |   2 +-
 display/bubble.go                  |   2 +-
 display/display.go                 |  13 +-
 display/picture.go                 |   2 +-
 display/placeholder.go             |   2 +-
 display/portrait.go                |   2 +-
 display/qrcode.go                  |   2 +-
 display/rarityframe.go             |   2 +-
 display/sprite.go                  |   2 +-
 display/swatch.go                  |   2 +-
 feedback/achievement.go            |  46 ++++
 feedback/alert.go                  |  76 ++++++
 feedback/banner.go                 |  55 +++++
 feedback/busyoverlay.go            |  54 +++++
 feedback/combocounter.go           |  45 ++++
 feedback/continueprompt.go         |  61 +++++
 feedback/countup.go                |  47 ++++
 feedback/effects_test.go           | 269 +++++++++++++++++++++
 feedback/feedback.go               |  66 +++++
 feedback/feedback_test.go          | 180 ++++++++++++++
 feedback/hourglass.go              |  67 ++++++
 feedback/inlinemessage.go          |  48 ++++
 feedback/levelup.go                |  60 +++++
 feedback/loaders.go                |  43 ++++
 feedback/loadingscreen.go          |  38 +++
 feedback/meter.go                  |  41 ++++
 feedback/progress.go               |  57 +++++
 feedback/pulse.go                  |  31 +++
 feedback/readygo.go                |  62 +++++
 feedback/saveindicator.go          |  49 ++++
 feedback/shake.go                  |  26 ++
 feedback/skeleton.go               |  44 ++++
 feedback/spinner.go                |  44 ++++
 feedback/states.go                 | 127 ++++++++++
 feedback/states_test.go            | 221 +++++++++++++++++
 feedback/toasts.go                 | 103 ++++++++
 gallery/app_test.go                |   4 +-
 gallery/demos_feedback.go          | 373 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 gallery/pages.go                   |  21 +-
 gallery/registry.go                |   2 +-
 input/editabletext.go              |   2 +-
 input/fader.go                     |   2 +-
 input/input.go                     |  11 -
 input/multiselect.go               |   4 +-
 input/pick_test.go                 |  32 +++
 input/pininput.go                  |   2 +-
 input/rangeslider.go               |   2 +-
 input/rating.go                    |   2 +-
 input/select.go                    |  18 +-
 input/slider.go                    |   2 +-
 input/stepper.go                   |   2 +-
 input/stepslider.go                |   2 +-
 input/textarea.go                  |   4 +-
 input/textinput.go                 |   2 +-
 input/tokenfield.go                |   2 +-
 internal/archtest/archtest_test.go |  10 +-
 layout/appframe.go                 |   4 +-
 layout/aspectbox.go                |   2 +-
 layout/grid.go                     |   6 +-
 layout/handheld.go                 |   2 +-
 layout/internal_test.go            |   4 +-
 layout/layout.go                   |  13 -
 layout/masonry.go                  |   4 +-
 layout/panel.go                    |   2 +-
 layout/resizable.go                |   4 +-
 layout/screen.go                   |   2 +-
 layout/section.go                  |   2 +-
 layout/split.go                    |   2 +-
 layout/tiles.go                    |   8 +-
 layout/viewport.go                 |   2 +-
 layout/window.go                   |   2 +-
 pixel/element.go                   |  25 +-
 pixel/messages.go                  |   4 +
 pixel/settings.go                  |  13 +
 text/blinktext.go                  |   2 +-
 text/heading.go                    |   2 +-
 text/marquee.go                    |   2 +-
 text/odometer.go                   |   2 +-
 text/paragraph.go                  |   2 +-
 text/scrambletext.go               |   2 +-
 text/text.go                       |  13 +-
 text/typewriter.go                 |   2 +-
 text/wavetext.go                   |   2 +-
 web/deploy.sh                      |   4 +-
 web/tests/smoke.spec.js            |   4 +-
 87 files changed, 2492 insertions(+), 147 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 feedback/achievement.go
 create mode 100644 feedback/alert.go
 create mode 100644 feedback/banner.go
 create mode 100644 feedback/busyoverlay.go
 create mode 100644 feedback/combocounter.go
 create mode 100644 feedback/continueprompt.go
 create mode 100644 feedback/countup.go
 create mode 100644 feedback/effects_test.go
 create mode 100644 feedback/feedback.go
 create mode 100644 feedback/feedback_test.go
 create mode 100644 feedback/hourglass.go
 create mode 100644 feedback/inlinemessage.go
 create mode 100644 feedback/levelup.go
 create mode 100644 feedback/loaders.go
 create mode 100644 feedback/loadingscreen.go
 create mode 100644 feedback/meter.go
 create mode 100644 feedback/progress.go
 create mode 100644 feedback/pulse.go
 create mode 100644 feedback/readygo.go
 create mode 100644 feedback/saveindicator.go
 create mode 100644 feedback/shake.go
 create mode 100644 feedback/skeleton.go
 create mode 100644 feedback/spinner.go
 create mode 100644 feedback/states.go
 create mode 100644 feedback/states_test.go
 create mode 100644 feedback/toasts.go
 create mode 100644 gallery/demos_feedback.go

diff --git a/AGENTS.md b/AGENTS.md
index f1d8c48..aa1141f 100644
--- a/AGENTS.md
+++ b/AGENTS.md
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ internal/archtest/ import and API rules
 
 Imports point down only. Same-tier imports are forbidden. `internal/archtest` enforces it.
 
-0 pixel · 1 icon · 2 layout, text, display · 3 input, feedback · 4 navigation, data, overlay, datetime, chart, fx · 5 game, chat, media, code, account, files, project, shop, agent, desk, tabletop · 6 gallery · 7 cmd
+0 pixel · 1 icon · 2 layout, text, display · 3 input · 4 feedback · 5 navigation, data, overlay, datetime, chart, fx · 6 game, chat, media, code, account, files, project, shop, agent, desk, tabletop · 7 gallery · 8 cmd
 
 ## Style rules
 
@@ -54,12 +54,14 @@ Imports point down only. Same-tier imports are forbidden. `internal/archtest` en
 ## Component rules
 
 - Signatures and results: PRD §5.1. Zero options give the default look. Sizes in options are dots.
-- `k := pixel.K(c)` once per component; layout sizes through `k.D(n)`.
+- `k := pixel.K(c)` once per component; layout sizes through `k.D(n)`. Integer options default through `pixel.Or`.
+- A one-shot effect inside a lasting view starts when its cue changes (a `Cue` option, or a value that rises), never on its first frame. A state screen (`ErrorState`, `SuccessState`) starts when it appears. Decorative motion jumps to its end under Reduce Motion; countdowns and loaders keep time.
 - Containers take content as a final `func()`; interactive results are `NameResult`.
 - A Clicked, Shortcut, Changed or drag during the build makes MyGo build the frame again, so what they change shows at once. State changed any other way after its element was built (`Pressed`, `Edit.Changed`) is read at paint time.
 - Never call `Selected`: MyGo paints it in the accent color.
 - A press focuses the nearest focusable element under it, or nothing; a closing overlay hands the focus back to its opener. While a press is on, `Hovered` is false for every other element: ask `Pressed`.
 - Enter and Space click a focused clickable element unless a `Shortcut` takes them. Take them wherever a click reads the pointer's position.
+- Under `pixel.Settings.Inert` (a busy veil) `pixel.Shell` disables every base and gives the focus back after. A popup sits above any veil: a control closes its popup when disabled or inert.
 - Elements are known by their place among siblings. Wrap one whose earlier siblings come and go in `ui.Box(c).Key(k)`, or it loses focus and state.
 - Hosts send a key's release with its press, so tell a held key by its repeats.
 - Clip only boxes that sit on whole dots; split widths with whole-dot shares, not equal `Grow`. `Grow` starts from zero size, so never use it on a content-sized child.
@@ -78,7 +80,7 @@ Each component adds one `Entry` in `gallery/demos_<category>.go`: ID, Name, Zh,
 ## Tests
 
 - `go vet ./... && go test ./...` before reporting done.
-- Behavior tests drive `ui.Tester` and assert values.
+- Behavior tests drive `ui.Tester` and assert values. Timed components take `pixel.Settings.Now` from a test clock. `Tester.Focused(label)` is also true when an ancestor holds the focus.
 - `gallery` checks every entry under every palette: only palette colors, whole dots. `PIXEL_SHOTS=<dir> go test ./gallery -run TestInvariants` writes PNGs for visual review.
 - Web: `npm install && npm test` in `web/` builds `web/dist` and runs Playwright on a local server; `BASE_URL=<url> npx playwright test` checks a deployed site. Tests read `window.__8bit` (`ready`, `stats()`, `texts()`, `page()`, `find(label)`, `log`).
 
diff --git a/cmd/web/main.go b/cmd/web/main.go
index 8cc3fe6..09d70b5 100644
--- a/cmd/web/main.go
+++ b/cmd/web/main.go
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/egoist/mygo/ui"
 
+	"git.zacharyzhang.com/ZacharyZhang-NY/8bitMyGoUI/feedback"
 	"git.zacharyzhang.com/ZacharyZhang-NY/8bitMyGoUI/gallery"
 	"git.zacharyzhang.com/ZacharyZhang-NY/8bitMyGoUI/pixel"
 )
@@ -107,7 +108,7 @@ func (h *host) crash(why string) (res any) {
 	h.tt = ui.NewTester(func(c *ui.Context) {
 		pixel.Use(c, pixel.Settings{Palette: pixel.WinterNight, Dot: dot})
 		ui.Column(c).Fill().Center().Children(func() {
-			if gallery.GameOver(c, why) {
+			if feedback.ErrorState(c, why, feedback.ErrorStateOptions{}).Continue {
 				js.Global().Get("location").Call("reload")
 			}
 		})
diff --git a/display/avatar.go b/display/avatar.go
index 36e7dee..d9ac9d0 100644
--- a/display/avatar.go
+++ b/display/avatar.go
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ type AvatarGroupOptions struct {
 // AvatarGroup overlaps faces and counts the rest in a chip.
 func AvatarGroup(c *ui.Context, names []string, o AvatarGroupOptions) *ui.Element {
 	k, sc := pixel.K(c), scale(o.Scale)
-	shown := names[:min(len(names), orDef("AvatarGroup Max", o.Max, 4))]
+	shown := names[:min(len(names), pixel.Or("AvatarGroup Max", o.Max, 4))]
 	rest := len(names) - len(shown)
 	more := ""
 	if rest > 0 {
diff --git a/display/bubble.go b/display/bubble.go
index fcbc911..8203bee 100644
--- a/display/bubble.go
+++ b/display/bubble.go
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ func Bubble(c *ui.Context, o BubbleOptions, children func()) *ui.Element {
 		panic(fmt.Sprintf("display: unknown Side %d", o.Tail))
 	}
 	k := pixel.K(c)
-	at := orDef("Bubble At", o.At, 8)
+	at := pixel.Or("Bubble At", o.At, 8)
 	pad := [4]int{6, 8, 6, 8}
 	pad[[...]int{Bottom: 2, Top: 0, Left: 3, Right: 1}[o.Tail]] += tailLen
 	return ui.Column(c).Padding(k.D(pad[0]), k.D(pad[1]), k.D(pad[2]), k.D(pad[3])).Draw(func(p *ui.Painter, r ui.Rect) {
diff --git a/display/display.go b/display/display.go
index 318dd48..186f321 100644
--- a/display/display.go
+++ b/display/display.go
@@ -23,20 +23,9 @@ func art(c *ui.Context, k pixel.Kit, label string, w, h int, fn func(g pixel.Can
 	return e
 }
 
-// orDef is v, or def for zero; negative panics.
-func orDef(name string, v, def int) int {
-	if v < 0 {
-		panic(fmt.Sprintf("display: %s %d is negative", name, v))
-	}
-	if v == 0 {
-		return def
-	}
-	return v
-}
-
 // scale is s, or 1 for zero; outside 1–4 panics.
 func scale(s int) int {
-	s = orDef("Scale", s, 1)
+	s = pixel.Or("Scale", s, 1)
 	if s > 4 {
 		panic(fmt.Sprintf("display: Scale %d outside 1–4", s))
 	}
diff --git a/display/picture.go b/display/picture.go
index db27cdd..f415697 100644
--- a/display/picture.go
+++ b/display/picture.go
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ type pictureCache struct {
 func Picture(c *ui.Context, img image.Image, o PictureOptions) *ui.Element {
 	k := pixel.K(c)
 	b := img.Bounds()
-	w, h := orDef("Picture W", o.W, b.Dx()), orDef("Picture H", o.H, b.Dy())
+	w, h := pixel.Or("Picture W", o.W, b.Dx()), pixel.Or("Picture H", o.H, b.Dy())
 	e := art(c, k, o.Label, w, h, nil)
 	pc := ui.Local(e, pictureKey{}, func() pictureCache { return pictureCache{} })
 	if sum := fingerprint(img); pc.dots == nil || pc.sum != sum || pc.pal != k.Palette() || pc.w != w || pc.h != h {
diff --git a/display/placeholder.go b/display/placeholder.go
index 5931e3f..9b584ac 100644
--- a/display/placeholder.go
+++ b/display/placeholder.go
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ type PlaceholderOptions struct {
 // Placeholder is a dithered box with a cross and size.
 func Placeholder(c *ui.Context, o PlaceholderOptions) *ui.Element {
 	k := pixel.K(c)
-	w, h := orDef("Placeholder W", o.W, 64), orDef("Placeholder H", o.H, 48)
+	w, h := pixel.Or("Placeholder W", o.W, 64), pixel.Or("Placeholder H", o.H, 48)
 	size := fmt.Sprintf("%d×%d", w, h)
 	return art(c, k, size, w, h, func(g pixel.Canvas) {
 		if w < 3 || h < 3 {
diff --git a/display/portrait.go b/display/portrait.go
index 8a92855..dc15004 100644
--- a/display/portrait.go
+++ b/display/portrait.go
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ type PortraitOptions struct {
 // Portrait frames a character's picture over a nameplate.
 func Portrait(c *ui.Context, name string, o PortraitOptions, picture func()) *ui.Element {
 	k := pixel.K(c)
-	size := orDef("Portrait Size", o.Size, 48)
+	size := pixel.Or("Portrait Size", o.Size, 48)
 	return ui.Column(c).Width(k.D(size + 6)).Role(ui.RoleGroup).Label(name).Children(func() {
 		ui.Box(c).Size(k.D(size+6), k.D(size+6)).Padding(k.D(3)).Draw(func(p *ui.Painter, r ui.Rect) {
 			g := k.Canvas(p, r)
diff --git a/display/qrcode.go b/display/qrcode.go
index f7bd2cb..1d0d4e7 100644
--- a/display/qrcode.go
+++ b/display/qrcode.go
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ type qrCache struct {
 // QRCode encodes s at level M, with a quiet zone.
 func QRCode(c *ui.Context, s string, o QRCodeOptions) *ui.Element {
 	k := pixel.K(c)
-	sc := orDef("QRCode Scale", o.Scale, 2)
+	sc := pixel.Or("QRCode Scale", o.Scale, 2)
 	e := ui.Box(c)
 	qc := ui.Local(e, qrKey{}, func() qrCache { return qrCache{} })
 	if qc.code == nil || qc.text != s {
diff --git a/display/rarityframe.go b/display/rarityframe.go
index 618aaad..e35f2ed 100644
--- a/display/rarityframe.go
+++ b/display/rarityframe.go
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ type RarityFrameOptions struct {
 func RarityFrame(c *ui.Context, r Rarity, o RarityFrameOptions, children func()) *ui.Element {
 	k := pixel.K(c)
 	ink := r.slot()
-	pad := 3 + orDef("RarityFrame Padding", o.Padding, 4)
+	pad := 3 + pixel.Or("RarityFrame Padding", o.Padding, 4)
 	return ui.Column(c).Padding(k.D(pad)).Role(ui.RoleGroup).Label(r.name(k)).Draw(func(p *ui.Painter, r2 ui.Rect) {
 		g := k.Canvas(p, r2)
 		if g.W < 6 || g.H < 6 {
diff --git a/display/sprite.go b/display/sprite.go
index 4625a14..8e019cd 100644
--- a/display/sprite.go
+++ b/display/sprite.go
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ type SpriteOptions struct {
 // Sprite plays a multi-slot sprite, mirrored when asked.
 func Sprite(c *ui.Context, sp *pixel.Sprite, o SpriteOptions) *ui.Element {
 	k, sc := pixel.K(c), scale(o.Scale)
-	fps := orDef("Sprite FPS", o.FPS, 0)
+	fps := pixel.Or("Sprite FPS", o.FPS, 0)
 	if o.Mirror {
 		sp = sp.Mirror()
 	}
diff --git a/display/swatch.go b/display/swatch.go
index f916e85..193059a 100644
--- a/display/swatch.go
+++ b/display/swatch.go
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ type SwatchOptions struct {
 // Swatch shows the active palette's sixteen slots with names.
 func Swatch(c *ui.Context, o SwatchOptions) *ui.Element {
 	k := pixel.K(c)
-	cols := orDef("Swatch Columns", o.Columns, 4)
+	cols := pixel.Or("Swatch Columns", o.Columns, 4)
 	cell := 14 + pixel.Measure("AccentLit")
 	return ui.Row(c).Wrap().Width(k.D(cols * (cell + 4))).Gap(k.D(4)).Role(ui.RoleList).Label(k.Palette().Name).Children(func() {
 		for s := range pixel.Slot(pixel.Slots) {
diff --git a/feedback/achievement.go b/feedback/achievement.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..579a1e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/feedback/achievement.go
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+package feedback
+
+import (
+	"github.com/egoist/mygo/ui"
+
+	"git.zacharyzhang.com/ZacharyZhang-NY/8bitMyGoUI/icon"
+	"git.zacharyzhang.com/ZacharyZhang-NY/8bitMyGoUI/pixel"
+)
+
+type AchievementOptions struct {
+	// Cue shows the card each time it changes.
+	Cue int
+	// Width is in dots; zero means 200.
+	Width int
+}
+
+// Achievement slides a trophy card in, holds it, then out.
+func Achievement(c *ui.Context, title string, o AchievementOptions) *ui.Element {
+	k := pixel.K(c)
+	w := pixel.Or("Achievement Width", o.Width, 200)
+	e := ui.Box(c)
+	// Ten steps a second; in by 5, gone by 40.
+	step := since(c, k, cue(e, k, o.Cue), 10, 40)
+	if step >= 40 {
+		return e
+	}
+	out := 0
+	switch {
+	case k.Reduce():
+	case step < 5:
+		out = 5 - step
+	case step >= 35:
+		out = step - 34
+	}
+	head := k.Msg("achievement")
+	return e.Role(ui.RoleStatus).Label(head+" "+title).Size(k.D(w), k.D(40)).Draw(func(p *ui.Painter, r ui.Rect) {
+		g := k.Canvas(p, r)
+		x := out * w / 5
+		g.Clip(0, 0, g.W, g.H, func() {
+			g.Frame(x, 0, w, 40, pixel.Window, pixel.Face)
+			g.Sprite(x+6, 8, icon.Trophy, 0, pixel.Warn, 2)
+			g.Text(x+36, 4, head, pixel.Faint, 1)
+			g.Text(x+36, 20, title, pixel.Ink, 1)
+		})
+	})
+}
diff --git a/feedback/alert.go b/feedback/alert.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3cc4d8f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/feedback/alert.go
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+package feedback
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"log/slog"
+
+	"github.com/egoist/mygo/ui"
+
+	"git.zacharyzhang.com/ZacharyZhang-NY/8bitMyGoUI/display"
+	"git.zacharyzhang.com/ZacharyZhang-NY/8bitMyGoUI/icon"
+	"git.zacharyzhang.com/ZacharyZhang-NY/8bitMyGoUI/input"
+	"git.zacharyzhang.com/ZacharyZhang-NY/8bitMyGoUI/pixel"
+	"git.zacharyzhang.com/ZacharyZhang-NY/8bitMyGoUI/text"
+)
+
+// Kind is a message's tone.
+type Kind uint8
+
+const (
+	Info Kind = iota
+	Success
+	Warning
+	Danger
+)
+
+// look is a kind's slot and icon.
+func (k Kind) look() (pixel.Slot, *pixel.Sprite) {
+	switch k {
+	case Info:
+		return pixel.Info, icon.Info
+	case Success:
+		return pixel.Good, icon.Check
+	case Warning:
+		return pixel.Warn, icon.Warning
+	case Danger:
+		return pixel.Bad, icon.Error
+	}
+	panic(fmt.Sprintf("feedback: unknown Kind %d", k))
+}
+
+type AlertOptions struct {
+	Kind Kind
+	// Closable adds a × that reports Closed.
+	Closable bool
+	Disabled bool
+}
+
+type AlertResult struct {
+	Element *ui.Element
+	Closed  bool
+}
+
+// Alert is a framed callout: icon, title and text.
+func Alert(c *ui.Context, title, message string, o AlertOptions) AlertResult {
+	k := pixel.K(c)
+	slot, sp := o.Kind.look()
+	res := AlertResult{}
+	res.Element = ui.Row(c).Gap(k.D(6)).Padding(k.D(6), k.D(8), k.D(6), k.D(10)).AlignItems(ui.Start).Role(ui.RoleStatus).Label(title).Draw(func(p *ui.Painter, r ui.Rect) {
+		g := k.Canvas(p, r)
+		g.Frame(0, 0, g.W, g.H, pixel.Window, pixel.Face)
+		g.Rect(3, 3, 3, g.H-6, slot)
+	}).Children(func() {
+		display.Icon(c, sp, display.IconOptions{Slot: slot})
+		ui.Column(c).Grow(1).Gap(k.D(2)).Children(func() {
+			pixel.Text(c, title, pixel.TextOptions{Slot: slot})
+			text.Paragraph(c, message, text.ParagraphOptions{})
+		})
+		if o.Closable {
+			res.Closed = input.IconButton(c, icon.Close, k.Msg("close"), input.IconButtonOptions{Variant: input.Ghost, Size: input.Small, Disabled: o.Disabled}).Clicked
+		}
+	})
+	if res.Closed {
+		slog.Debug("8bit: alert closed", "title", title)
+	}
+	return res
+}
diff --git a/feedback/banner.go b/feedback/banner.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..017ea71
--- /dev/null
+++ b/feedback/banner.go
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+package feedback
+
+import (
+	"log/slog"
+
+	"github.com/egoist/mygo/ui"
+
+	"git.zacharyzhang.com/ZacharyZhang-NY/8bitMyGoUI/display"
+	"git.zacharyzhang.com/ZacharyZhang-NY/8bitMyGoUI/icon"
+	"git.zacharyzhang.com/ZacharyZhang-NY/8bitMyGoUI/input"
+	"git.zacharyzhang.com/ZacharyZhang-NY/8bitMyGoUI/pixel"
+	"git.zacharyzhang.com/ZacharyZhang-NY/8bitMyGoUI/text"
+)
+
+type BannerOptions struct {
+	Kind Kind
+	// Actions label buttons; Action reports the one clicked.
+	Actions []string
+	// Dismissable adds a × that reports Dismissed.
+	Dismissable bool
+	Disabled    bool
+}
+
+type BannerResult struct {
+	Element   *ui.Element
+	Action    string
+	Dismissed bool
+}
+
+// Banner is a full-width strip with a message and actions.
+func Banner(c *ui.Context, message string, o BannerOptions) BannerResult {
+	k := pixel.K(c)
+	slot, sp := o.Kind.look()
+	res := BannerResult{}
+	res.Element = ui.Row(c).Gap(k.D(6)).Padding(k.D(4), k.D(8)).AlignItems(ui.Center).Role(ui.RoleStatus).Label(message).Draw(func(p *ui.Painter, r ui.Rect) {
+		g := k.Canvas(p, r)
+		g.Dither(0, 0, g.W, g.H, slot, pixel.Face, 12)
+		g.HLine(0, g.H-1, g.W, slot)
+	}).Children(func() {
+		display.Icon(c, sp, display.IconOptions{Slot: slot})
+		ui.Column(c).Grow(1).Children(func() { text.Paragraph(c, message, text.ParagraphOptions{}) })
+		for _, a := range o.Actions {
+			if input.Button(c, a, input.ButtonOptions{Size: input.Small, Disabled: o.Disabled}).Clicked {
+				res.Action = a
+			}
+		}
+		if o.Dismissable {
+			res.Dismissed = input.IconButton(c, icon.Close, k.Msg("close"), input.IconButtonOptions{Variant: input.Ghost, Size: input.Small, Disabled: o.Disabled}).Clicked
+		}
+	})
+	if res.Action != "" || res.Dismissed {
+		slog.Debug("8bit: banner", "action", res.Action, "dismissed", res.Dismissed)
+	}
+	return res
+}
diff --git a/feedback/busyoverlay.go b/feedback/busyoverlay.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b30e792
--- /dev/null
+++ b/feedback/busyoverlay.go
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+package feedback
+
+import (
+	"github.com/egoist/mygo/ui"
+
+	"git.zacharyzhang.com/ZacharyZhang-NY/8bitMyGoUI/pixel"
+)
+
+type BusyOverlayOptions struct{}
+
+type busyKey struct{}
+
+// BusyOverlay veils busy content, whose controls then take no input.
+func BusyOverlay(c *ui.Context, busy bool, o BusyOverlayOptions, content func()) *ui.Element {
+	k := pixel.K(c)
+	outer := ui.Box(c)
+	// held is whether the veil had the focus last frame.
+	held := ui.Local(outer, busyKey{}, func() bool { return false })
+	if !busy && *held {
+		// From the root, parked controls inside take it back.
+		c.Root().Focus()
+		*held = false
+	}
+	if busy {
+		// Busy content is one Tab stop: the veil.
+		outer.FocusGroup(ui.Vertical)
+	}
+	return outer.Children(func() {
+		s := pixel.Current(c)
+		s.Inert = s.Inert || busy
+		before := c.Root().Focused()
+		var body *ui.Element
+		pixel.Scope(c, s, func() { body = ui.Box(c).Children(content) })
+		if !busy {
+			return
+		}
+		veil := ui.Box(c).Absolute().Left(0).Top(0).Right(0).Bottom(0).Focusable().FocusRing(false).Role(ui.RoleProgress).Label(k.Msg("wait"))
+		if body.FocusWithin() || !before && c.Root().Focused() {
+			veil.Focus()
+		}
+		*held = veil.Focused()
+		focus := veil.FocusVisible()
+		veil.Draw(func(p *ui.Painter, r ui.Rect) {
+			g := k.Canvas(p, r)
+			g.Checker(0, 0, g.W, g.H, pixel.Back)
+			// The spinner doubles in size where it fits.
+			sc := max(1, min(2, min(g.W, g.H)/14))
+			beads(g, (g.W-12*sc)/2, (g.H-12*sc)/2, sc)
+			if focus {
+				g.FocusMark(0, 0, g.W, g.H)
+			}
+		})
+	})
+}
diff --git a/feedback/combocounter.go b/feedback/combocounter.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c8064c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/feedback/combocounter.go
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+package feedback
+
+import (
+	"strconv"
+
+	"github.com/egoist/mygo/ui"
+
+	"git.zacharyzhang.com/ZacharyZhang-NY/8bitMyGoUI/pixel"
+)
+
+type ComboCounterOptions struct{}
+
+type comboKey struct{}
+
+// ComboCounter shows ×n COMBO!, popping bigger as n rises.
+func ComboCounter(c *ui.Context, count int, o ComboCounterOptions) *ui.Element {
+	k := pixel.K(c)
+	e := ui.Box(c)
+	s := ui.Local(e, comboKey{}, func() rise { return rise{level: count} })
+	if count > s.level {
+		s.at = k.Now()
+	}
+	s.level = count
+	if count <= 0 {
+		return e
+	}
+	pop := !k.Reduce() && since(c, k, s.at, 10, 2) < 2
+	n, tag := "×"+strconv.Itoa(count), k.Msg("combo")
+	w := pixel.Measure(n)*3 + 6 + pixel.Measure(tag)*2 + 2
+	return e.Role(ui.RoleStatus).Label(n+" "+tag).Size(k.D(w), k.D(3*pixel.LineHeight+2)).Draw(func(p *ui.Painter, r ui.Rect) {
+		g := k.Canvas(p, r)
+		x := pixel.Measure(n)*3 + 6
+		word := func(dx, dy int, ink pixel.Slot) {
+			g.Text(1+dx, 1+dy, n, ink, 3)
+			g.Text(x+dx, pixel.LineHeight+dy, tag, ink, 2)
+		}
+		word(1, 1, pixel.Shade)
+		if pop {
+			for _, d := range [][2]int{{-1, 0}, {1, 0}, {0, -1}, {0, 1}} {
+				word(d[0], d[1], pixel.Warn)
+			}
+		}
+		word(0, 0, pixel.Warn)
+	})
+}
diff --git a/feedback/continueprompt.go b/feedback/continueprompt.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..be68f96
--- /dev/null
+++ b/feedback/continueprompt.go
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+package feedback
+
+import (
+	"log/slog"
+	"strconv"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/egoist/mygo/ui"
+
+	"git.zacharyzhang.com/ZacharyZhang-NY/8bitMyGoUI/input"
+	"git.zacharyzhang.com/ZacharyZhang-NY/8bitMyGoUI/pixel"
+	"git.zacharyzhang.com/ZacharyZhang-NY/8bitMyGoUI/text"
+)
+
+type ContinuePromptOptions struct {
+	// Seconds counts down; zero means 10.
+	Seconds  int
+	Disabled bool
+}
+
+type ContinuePromptResult struct {
+	Element           *ui.Element
+	Yes, No, TimedOut bool
+}
+
+type promptKey struct{}
+
+// prompt is when the count began, and if it ended.
+type prompt struct {
+	start time.Time
+	over  bool
+}
+
+// ContinuePrompt asks CONTINUE? YES or NO, counting down.
+func ContinuePrompt(c *ui.Context, o ContinuePromptOptions) ContinuePromptResult {
+	k := pixel.K(c)
+	n := pixel.Or("ContinuePrompt Seconds", o.Seconds, 10)
+	col := ui.Column(c).Gap(k.D(6)).AlignItems(ui.Center).Role(ui.RoleGroup).Label(k.Msg("continue"))
+	st := ui.Local(col, promptKey{}, func() prompt { return prompt{start: k.Now()} })
+	left := max(0, n-int(k.Now().Sub(st.start)/time.Second))
+	res := ContinuePromptResult{Element: col}
+	if left == 0 && !st.over {
+		st.over, res.TimedOut = true, true
+	}
+	if !st.over {
+		k.Tick(c, 10)
+	}
+	col.Children(func() {
+		text.ShadowText(c, k.Msg("continue"), text.ShadowTextOptions{Slot: pixel.Accent, Scale: 2})
+		text.ShadowText(c, strconv.Itoa(left), text.ShadowTextOptions{Slot: pixel.Warn, Scale: 4})
+		r := input.ButtonGroup(c, []string{k.Msg("yes"), k.Msg("no")}, input.ButtonGroupOptions{Label: k.Msg("continue"), Disabled: st.over || o.Disabled})
+		res.Yes, res.No = r.Clicked == 0, r.Clicked == 1
+	})
+	if res.Yes || res.No {
+		st.over = true
+	}
+	if res.Yes || res.No || res.TimedOut {
+		slog.Debug("8bit: continue prompt", "yes", res.Yes, "no", res.No, "timed out", res.TimedOut)
+	}
+	return res
+}
diff --git a/feedback/countup.go b/feedback/countup.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d19ddcb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/feedback/countup.go
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+package feedback
+
+import (
+	"strconv"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/egoist/mygo/ui"
+
+	"git.zacharyzhang.com/ZacharyZhang-NY/8bitMyGoUI/pixel"
+)
+
+type CountUpOptions struct {
+	// Scale is 1–4; zero means 1.
+	Scale int
+	Slot  pixel.Slot
+}
+
+type countKey struct{}
+
+// counting runs from one value to the next.
+type counting struct {
+	from, to int
+	at       time.Time
+}
+
+// CountUp counts to a new value in eight steps.
+func CountUp(c *ui.Context, value int, o CountUpOptions) *ui.Element {
+	k := pixel.K(c)
+	sc := pixel.Or("CountUp Scale", o.Scale, 1)
+	e := ui.Box(c).Role(ui.RoleText).Label(strconv.Itoa(value))
+	s := ui.Local(e, countKey{}, func() counting { return counting{from: value, to: value} })
+	shown := func() int {
+		step := 8
+		if !k.Reduce() {
+			step = since(c, k, s.at, 15, 8)
+		}
+		return s.from + (s.to-s.from)*step/8
+	}
+	if value != s.to {
+		s.from, s.to, s.at = shown(), value, k.Now()
+	}
+	n := strconv.Itoa(shown())
+	w := max(pixel.Measure(strconv.Itoa(s.from)), pixel.Measure(strconv.Itoa(s.to)))
+	return e.Size(k.D(w*sc), k.D(pixel.LineHeight*sc)).Draw(func(p *ui.Painter, r ui.Rect) {
+		k.Canvas(p, r).Text(0, 0, n, o.Slot, sc)
+	})
+}
diff --git a/feedback/effects_test.go b/feedback/effects_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9e7ccdb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/feedback/effects_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,269 @@
+package feedback_test
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/egoist/mygo/ui"
+
+	"git.zacharyzhang.com/ZacharyZhang-NY/8bitMyGoUI/feedback"
+	"git.zacharyzhang.com/ZacharyZhang-NY/8bitMyGoUI/input"
+	"git.zacharyzhang.com/ZacharyZhang-NY/8bitMyGoUI/pixel"
+)
+
+func TestCountUpStepsOrJumps(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, reduce := range []bool{false, true} {
+		clk := newClock()
+		v := 0
+		tt := view(400, 100, clk, reduce, func(c *ui.Context) {
+			feedback.CountUp(c, v, feedback.CountUpOptions{Slot: pixel.Ink})
+		})
+		v = 800
+		wait(tt, clk, 0)
+		r := find(t, tt, "800")
+		mid := slots(t, tt.Image(), r)
+		wait(tt, clk, time.Second)
+		end := slots(t, tt.Image(), r)
+		if counted := !equal(mid, end); counted == reduce {
+			t.Errorf("reduce %v: counted in steps %v", reduce, counted)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestPulseStopsUnderReduceMotion(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, reduce := range []bool{false, true} {
+		clk := newClock()
+		tt := view(300, 200, clk, reduce, func(c *ui.Context) {
+			feedback.Pulse(c, feedback.PulseOptions{}, func() {
+				ui.Box(c).Size(20, 20).Label("dot")
+			}).Label("ring")
+		})
+		if moved := moves(t, tt, clk, "ring", 200*time.Millisecond); moved == reduce {
+			t.Errorf("reduce %v: the ring moved %v", reduce, moved)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestLevelUpShowsOnlyOnARise(t *testing.T) {
+	clk := newClock()
+	lv := 4
+	tt := view(500, 200, clk, false, func(c *ui.Context) {
+		feedback.LevelUp(c, lv, feedback.LevelUpOptions{})
+	})
+	lv = 3
+	tt.Frame()
+	if _, ok := tt.Find("LEVEL UP! LV 3"); ok {
+		t.Fatal("LEVEL UP showed without a rise")
+	}
+	lv = 5
+	tt.Frame()
+	r := find(t, tt, "LEVEL UP! LV 5")
+	if count(slots(t, tt.Image(), r), pixel.Accent) != 0 {
+		t.Fatal("the banner did not start off its box")
+	}
+	wait(tt, clk, time.Second)
+	if count(slots(t, tt.Image(), r), pixel.Accent) == 0 {
+		t.Fatal("the banner did not slide in")
+	}
+	wait(tt, clk, 3*time.Second)
+	if _, ok := tt.Find("LEVEL UP! LV 5"); ok {
+		t.Fatal("the banner stayed")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestAchievementComesAndGoes(t *testing.T) {
+	clk := newClock()
+	cue := 0
+	tt := view(500, 200, clk, true, func(c *ui.Context) {
+		feedback.Achievement(c, "Slime Tamer", feedback.AchievementOptions{Cue: cue})
+	})
+	if _, ok := tt.Find("ACHIEVEMENT UNLOCKED Slime Tamer"); ok {
+		t.Fatal("the card showed before its cue")
+	}
+	cue++
+	tt.Frame()
+	find(t, tt, "ACHIEVEMENT UNLOCKED Slime Tamer")
+	wait(tt, clk, 3*time.Second)
+	find(t, tt, "ACHIEVEMENT UNLOCKED Slime Tamer")
+	wait(tt, clk, 2*time.Second)
+	if _, ok := tt.Find("ACHIEVEMENT UNLOCKED Slime Tamer"); ok {
+		t.Fatal("the card stayed")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestComboCounterPopsOnARise(t *testing.T) {
+	clk := newClock()
+	n := 0
+	tt := view(400, 200, clk, false, func(c *ui.Context) {
+		feedback.ComboCounter(c, n, feedback.ComboCounterOptions{})
+	})
+	if _, ok := tt.Find("×0 COMBO!"); ok {
+		t.Fatal("a zero combo showed")
+	}
+	n = 12
+	tt.Frame()
+	r := find(t, tt, "×12 COMBO!")
+	popped := count(slots(t, tt.Image(), r), pixel.Warn)
+	wait(tt, clk, 500*time.Millisecond)
+	if rest := count(slots(t, tt.Image(), r), pixel.Warn); rest >= popped {
+		t.Fatalf("no pop: %d Warn dots, then %d", popped, rest)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSaveIndicatorStates(t *testing.T) {
+	saving := false
+	tt := view(300, 100, newClock(), false, func(c *ui.Context) {
+		feedback.SaveIndicator(c, saving, feedback.SaveIndicatorOptions{})
+	})
+	if _, ok := tt.Find("SAVED"); ok {
+		t.Fatal("SAVED before any save")
+	}
+	saving = true
+	tt.Frame()
+	find(t, tt, "SAVING…")
+	saving = false
+	tt.Frame()
+	find(t, tt, "SAVED")
+}
+
+func TestBusyOverlayBlocksInputAndGivesFocusBack(t *testing.T) {
+	busy, clicks, raw := false, 0, true
+	tt := view(400, 200, newClock(), false, func(c *ui.Context) {
+		input.Button(c, "top", input.ButtonOptions{})
+		feedback.BusyOverlay(c, busy, feedback.BusyOverlayOptions{}, func() {
+			if input.Button(c, "SAVE", input.ButtonOptions{}).Clicked {
+				clicks++
+			}
+			// Plain boxes, not library controls.
+			if ui.Box(c).Size(40, 20).Label("raw").Clicked() {
+				clicks++
+			}
+			if raw && ui.Box(c).Size(40, 20).Label("rawkey").Focusable().Shortcut(0, ui.KeyEnter) {
+				clicks++
+			}
+		})
+		ui.Box(c).Size(4, 4).Label("elsewhere")
+		input.Button(c, "after", input.ButtonOptions{})
+	})
+	// Focused counts ancestors; a sibling tells the two apart.
+	own := func() bool { return tt.Focused("SAVE") && !tt.Focused("elsewhere") }
+	click(t, tt, "rawkey")
+	busy = true
+	tt.Frame()
+	tt.Key(0, ui.KeyEnter)
+	if clicks != 0 || tt.Focused("rawkey") && !tt.Focused("elsewhere") {
+		t.Fatal("a plain focusable inside kept the focus or its keys")
+	}
+	busy, raw = false, false
+	tt.Frame()
+	click(t, tt, "SAVE")
+	busy = true
+	tt.Frame()
+	tt.Key(0, ui.KeyEnter)
+	// Focus waits on the veil; Tab goes on from it.
+	tt.Key(0, ui.KeyTab)
+	if !tt.Focused("after") || tt.Focused("elsewhere") {
+		t.Fatal("Tab did not pass over the busy content")
+	}
+	// Presses land on the veil, which keeps the focus.
+	click(t, tt, "SAVE")
+	click(t, tt, "raw")
+	if clicks != 1 || own() {
+		t.Fatalf("busy content took input: %d clicks, focus %v", clicks, own())
+	}
+	busy = false
+	tt.Frame()
+	if !own() {
+		t.Fatal("the focus did not come back")
+	}
+	tt.Key(0, ui.KeyEnter)
+	if clicks != 2 {
+		t.Fatal("the content stayed blocked")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestBusyContentIsOneTabStop(t *testing.T) {
+	tt := view(400, 200, newClock(), false, func(c *ui.Context) {
+		input.Button(c, "before", input.ButtonOptions{})
+		feedback.BusyOverlay(c, true, feedback.BusyOverlayOptions{}, func() {
+			ui.Box(c).Size(40, 20).Label("raw").Focusable()
+			input.Button(c, "SAVE", input.ButtonOptions{})
+		})
+		input.Button(c, "after", input.ButtonOptions{})
+	})
+	click(t, tt, "before")
+	tt.Key(0, ui.KeyTab)
+	// FocusMark rings the veil two dots outside it.
+	v := find(t, tt, "PLEASE WAIT")
+	if count(slots(t, tt.Image(), ui.Rect{X: v.X, Y: v.Y + v.H + 2, W: v.W, H: 2}), pixel.Accent) == 0 {
+		t.Fatal("the focused veil showed no focus")
+	}
+	tt.Key(0, ui.KeyTab)
+	if !tt.Focused("after") || tt.Focused("before") {
+		t.Fatal("two Tabs did not cross the busy content")
+	}
+	tt.Key(ui.Shift, ui.KeyTab)
+	tt.Key(ui.Shift, ui.KeyTab)
+	if !tt.Focused("before") || tt.Focused("after") {
+		t.Fatal("two Shift+Tabs did not cross back")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestReadyGoCountsAndReportsDone(t *testing.T) {
+	clk := newClock()
+	cue, done := 0, 0
+	tt := view(400, 300, clk, true, func(c *ui.Context) {
+		if feedback.ReadyGo(c, feedback.ReadyGoOptions{Cue: cue}).Done {
+			done++
+		}
+	})
+	cue++
+	tt.Frame()
+	for _, want := range []string{"3", "2", "1", "GO!"} {
+		find(t, tt, want)
+		wait(tt, clk, 500*time.Millisecond)
+		wait(tt, clk, 500*time.Millisecond)
+	}
+	if _, ok := tt.Find("GO!"); ok || done != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("GO! stayed, or Done came %d times", done)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestReadyGoReportsDoneAfterAJump(t *testing.T) {
+	clk := newClock()
+	cue, done := 0, 0
+	tt := view(400, 300, clk, false, func(c *ui.Context) {
+		if feedback.ReadyGo(c, feedback.ReadyGoOptions{Cue: cue}).Done {
+			done++
+		}
+	})
+	cue++
+	tt.Frame()
+	wait(tt, clk, 5*time.Second)
+	wait(tt, clk, time.Second)
+	if done != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("a jump past GO! gave Done %d times", done)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestShakeJoltsUnlessReduced(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, reduce := range []bool{false, true} {
+		clk := newClock()
+		cue := 0
+		tt := view(300, 100, clk, reduce, func(c *ui.Context) {
+			feedback.Shake(c, feedback.ShakeOptions{Cue: cue}, func() {
+				ui.Box(c).Size(20, 20).Label("box")
+			})
+		})
+		x := find(t, tt, "box").X
+		cue++
+		tt.Frame()
+		if jolted := find(t, tt, "box").X != x; jolted == reduce {
+			t.Errorf("reduce %v: jolted %v", reduce, jolted)
+		}
+		wait(tt, clk, time.Second)
+		if find(t, tt, "box").X != x {
+			t.Error("the box did not settle")
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/feedback/feedback.go b/feedback/feedback.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f71818d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/feedback/feedback.go
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+// Package feedback tells the player what is going on.
+package feedback
+
+import (
+	"strconv"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/egoist/mygo/ui"
+
+	"git.zacharyzhang.com/ZacharyZhang-NY/8bitMyGoUI/pixel"
+)
+
+// pingpong runs n back and forth over 0…span.
+func pingpong(n, span int) int {
+	if span <= 0 {
+		return 0
+	}
+	n %= 2 * span
+	if n > span {
+		return 2*span - n
+	}
+	return n
+}
+
+// level is Good, then Warn past warn, Bad past bad.
+func level(v, warn, bad float64) pixel.Slot {
+	switch {
+	case bad != 0 && v > bad:
+		return pixel.Bad
+	case warn != 0 && v > warn:
+		return pixel.Warn
+	}
+	return pixel.Good
+}
+
+// fmtNum prints a number without trailing zeros.
+func fmtNum(v float64) string { return strconv.FormatFloat(v, 'g', 4, 64) }
+
+type cueKey struct{}
+
+// cued is a cue's last value and when it changed.
+type cued struct {
+	n  int
+	at time.Time
+}
+
+// cue is when n last changed; zero until it does.
+func cue(e *ui.Element, k pixel.Kit, n int) time.Time {
+	s := ui.Local(e, cueKey{}, func() cued { return cued{n: n} })
+	if s.n != n {
+		s.n, s.at = n, k.Now()
+	}
+	return s.at
+}
+
+// since counts steps at fps from t, up to done.
+func since(c *ui.Context, k pixel.Kit, t time.Time, fps, done int) int {
+	if t.IsZero() {
+		return done
+	}
+	n := int(k.Now().Sub(t) * time.Duration(fps) / time.Second)
+	if n < done {
+		k.Tick(c, fps)
+	}
+	return min(n, done)
+}
diff --git a/feedback/feedback_test.go b/feedback/feedback_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d4e80c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/feedback/feedback_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
+package feedback_test
+
+import (
+	"image"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/egoist/mygo/ui"
+
+	"git.zacharyzhang.com/ZacharyZhang-NY/8bitMyGoUI/feedback"
+	"git.zacharyzhang.com/ZacharyZhang-NY/8bitMyGoUI/pixel"
+)
+
+type clock struct{ t time.Time }
+
+func (c *clock) now() time.Time { return c.t }
+
+// view builds on a fake clock; reduce stops motion.
+func view(w, h int, clk *clock, reduce bool, build func(c *ui.Context)) *ui.Tester {
+	tt := ui.NewTester(func(c *ui.Context) {
+		pixel.Use(c, pixel.Settings{Palette: pixel.SpringDay, Now: clk.now})
+		build(c)
+	}, w, h)
+	if reduce {
+		tt.SetPreferences(ui.Preferences{ReduceMotion: true, TextScale: 1})
+	}
+	return tt
+}
+
+func newClock() *clock { return &clock{time.Unix(3_000_000, 0)} }
+
+// wait moves the clock on and builds a frame.
+func wait(tt *ui.Tester, clk *clock, d time.Duration) {
+	clk.t = clk.t.Add(d)
+	tt.Frame()
+}
+
+func find(t *testing.T, tt *ui.Tester, label string) ui.Rect {
+	t.Helper()
+	r, ok := tt.Find(label)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("no %q in %q", label, tt.Texts())
+	}
+	return r
+}
+
+func click(t *testing.T, tt *ui.Tester, label string) {
+	t.Helper()
+	if err := tt.Click(label); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+}
+
+// slots are the palette slots of a box's dots.
+func slots(t *testing.T, img *image.RGBA, r ui.Rect) []pixel.Slot {
+	t.Helper()
+	var out []pixel.Slot
+	for y := int(r.Y); y < int(r.Y+r.H); y += 2 {
+		for x := int(r.X); x < int(r.X+r.W); x += 2 {
+			c, found := img.RGBAAt(x, y), false
+			for s, pc := range pixel.SpringDay.Colors {
+				if pc.R == c.R && pc.G == c.G && pc.B == c.B {
+					out, found = append(out, pixel.Slot(s)), true
+					break
+				}
+			}
+			if !found {
+				t.Fatalf("pixel %d,%d off the palette", x, y)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return out
+}
+
+func count(s []pixel.Slot, want pixel.Slot) int {
+	n := 0
+	for _, v := range s {
+		if v == want {
+			n++
+		}
+	}
+	return n
+}
+
+func equal[T comparable](a, b []T) bool {
+	if len(a) != len(b) {
+		return false
+	}
+	for i := range a {
+		if a[i] != b[i] {
+			return false
+		}
+	}
+	return true
+}
+
+// moves reports whether the labeled box changes as time passes.
+func moves(t *testing.T, tt *ui.Tester, clk *clock, label string, d time.Duration) bool {
+	t.Helper()
+	before := slots(t, tt.Image(), find(t, tt, label))
+	wait(tt, clk, d)
+	return !equal(before, slots(t, tt.Image(), find(t, tt, label)))
+}
+
+func TestProgressFillsChunksAndRuns(t *testing.T) {
+	clk := newClock()
+	v := 0.5
+	tt := view(400, 200, clk, true, func(c *ui.Context) {
+		feedback.Progress(c, "Load", v, feedback.ProgressOptions{Width: 103, Percent: true})
+	})
+	// 103 dots hold 20 chunks of 4×4 dots.
+	if n := count(slots(t, tt.Image(), find(t, tt, "Load")), pixel.Accent); n != 10*4*4 {
+		t.Fatalf("half a bar lit %d dots, want %d", n, 10*4*4)
+	}
+	v = -1
+	tt.Frame()
+	if !moves(t, tt, clk, "Load", 200*time.Millisecond) {
+		t.Fatal("an unknown progress stood still under Reduce Motion")
+	}
+	defer func() {
+		if recover() == nil {
+			t.Fatal("a value past 1 did not panic")
+		}
+	}()
+	v = 1.5
+	tt.Frame()
+}
+
+func TestLoadersKeepMovingUnderReduceMotion(t *testing.T) {
+	clk := newClock()
+	tt := view(400, 300, clk, true, func(c *ui.Context) {
+		feedback.Spinner(c, "Spin", feedback.SpinnerOptions{Scale: 2})
+		feedback.DotsLoader(c, "Dots", feedback.DotsLoaderOptions{})
+		feedback.BarsLoader(c, "Bars", feedback.BarsLoaderOptions{})
+		feedback.Hourglass(c, "Sand", feedback.HourglassOptions{})
+	})
+	for _, l := range []string{"Spin", "Dots", "Bars", "Sand"} {
+		if !moves(t, tt, clk, l, 300*time.Millisecond) {
+			t.Errorf("%s stood still", l)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestMeterLevels(t *testing.T) {
+	for v, want := range map[float64]pixel.Slot{0.3: pixel.Good, 0.7: pixel.Warn, 0.95: pixel.Bad} {
+		tt := view(300, 100, newClock(), false, func(c *ui.Context) {
+			feedback.Meter(c, "HP", v, feedback.MeterOptions{Warning: 0.6, Critical: 0.9})
+		})
+		s := slots(t, tt.Image(), find(t, tt, "HP"))
+		if count(s, want) == 0 {
+			t.Errorf("%v shows no %v", v, want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSkeletonShineStopsUnderReduceMotion(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, reduce := range []bool{false, true} {
+		clk := newClock()
+		tt := view(400, 200, clk, reduce, func(c *ui.Context) {
+			feedback.Skeleton(c, feedback.SkeletonOptions{Avatar: true})
+		})
+		if moved := moves(t, tt, clk, "NOW LOADING", 250*time.Millisecond); moved == reduce {
+			t.Errorf("reduce %v: the shine moved %v", reduce, moved)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestLoadingScreenRotatesTips(t *testing.T) {
+	clk := newClock()
+	tt := view(600, 300, clk, false, func(c *ui.Context) {
+		feedback.LoadingScreen(c, feedback.LoadingScreenOptions{Tips: []string{"Save often.", "Pet the slime."}})
+	})
+	r := find(t, tt, "NOW LOADING")
+	tips := ui.Rect{X: r.X, Y: r.Y + 2*2*pixel.LineHeight + 16, W: r.W, H: 2 * 2 * pixel.LineHeight}
+	before := slots(t, tt.Image(), tips)
+	wait(tt, clk, 4*time.Second)
+	if equal(before, slots(t, tt.Image(), tips)) {
+		t.Fatal("the tip did not change after four seconds")
+	}
+}
diff --git a/feedback/hourglass.go b/feedback/hourglass.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..aef6461
--- /dev/null
+++ b/feedback/hourglass.go
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+package feedback
+
+import (
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/egoist/mygo/ui"
+
+	"git.zacharyzhang.com/ZacharyZhang-NY/8bitMyGoUI/pixel"
+)
+
+type HourglassOptions struct{}
+
+// glass is the hourglass, by hand; # marks its walls.
+var glass = []string{
+	"############",
+	".#........#.",
+	".#........#.",
+	"..#......#..",
+	"...#....#...",
+	"....#..#....",
+	".....##.....",
+	".....##.....",
+	"....#..#....",
+	"...#....#...",
+	"..#......#..",
+	".#........#.",
+	".#........#.",
+	"############",
+}
+
+// Hourglass drains in steps, then flips.
+func Hourglass(c *ui.Context, text string, o HourglassOptions) *ui.Element {
+	k := pixel.K(c)
+	return ui.Box(c).Role(ui.RoleProgress).Label(text).Size(k.D(14), k.D(14)).Draw(func(p *ui.Painter, r ui.Rect) {
+		g := k.Canvas(p, r)
+		f := g.Busy(4) % 8
+		// Frame 6 lies on its side, mid-flip; 7 rests.
+		side := f == 6
+		dot := func(x, y int, s pixel.Slot) {
+			if side {
+				g.Dot(y, 12-x, s)
+			} else {
+				g.Dot(x+1, y, s)
+			}
+		}
+		top, bottom := 4-min(f, 4), min(f, 4)
+		if f >= 6 {
+			top, bottom = 4, 0
+		}
+		for y, row := range glass {
+			l, r := strings.Index(row, "#"), strings.LastIndex(row, "#")
+			for x := range len(row) {
+				switch {
+				case row[x] == '#':
+					dot(x, y, pixel.Edge)
+				case x > l && x < r && (y >= 6-top && y <= 5 || y >= 13-bottom && y <= 12):
+					dot(x, y, pixel.Warn)
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		if f > 0 && f < 5 {
+			for y := 6; y < 13-bottom; y++ {
+				dot(5, y, pixel.Warn)
+			}
+		}
+	})
+}
diff --git a/feedback/inlinemessage.go b/feedback/inlinemessage.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c97e19e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/feedback/inlinemessage.go
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+package feedback
+
+import (
+	"github.com/egoist/mygo/ui"
+
+	"git.zacharyzhang.com/ZacharyZhang-NY/8bitMyGoUI/pixel"
+)
+
+var (
+	bang = pixel.MustSprite(`
+		..###..
+		.##.##.
+		###.###
+		###.###
+		#######
+		###.###
+		.#####.
+	`)
+	tick = pixel.MustSprite(`
+		......#
+		.....##
+		#...##.
+		##.##..
+		.###...
+		..#....
+		.......
+	`)
+)
+
+type InlineMessageOptions struct {
+	Kind Kind
+}
+
+// InlineMessage is a small ✓ or ! field note.
+func InlineMessage(c *ui.Context, message string, o InlineMessageOptions) *ui.Element {
+	k := pixel.K(c)
+	slot, _ := o.Kind.look()
+	sp := bang
+	if o.Kind == Success {
+		sp = tick
+	}
+	return ui.Row(c).Gap(k.D(3)).AlignItems(ui.Center).Role(ui.RoleStatus).Label(message).Children(func() {
+		ui.Box(c).Size(k.D(sp.W), k.D(sp.H)).Draw(func(p *ui.Painter, r ui.Rect) {
+			k.Canvas(p, r).Sprite(0, 0, sp, 0, slot, 1)
+		})
+		pixel.Text(c, message, pixel.TextOptions{Slot: slot})
+	})
+}
diff --git a/feedback/levelup.go b/feedback/levelup.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..75141bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/feedback/levelup.go
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+package feedback
+
+import (
+	"strconv"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/egoist/mygo/ui"
+
+	"git.zacharyzhang.com/ZacharyZhang-NY/8bitMyGoUI/icon"
+	"git.zacharyzhang.com/ZacharyZhang-NY/8bitMyGoUI/pixel"
+)
+
+type LevelUpOptions struct{}
+
+type levelKey struct{}
+
+// rise is the last level seen, and when it rose.
+type rise struct {
+	level int
+	at    time.Time
+}
+
+// LevelUp slides in LEVEL UP! with sparkles when level rises.
+func LevelUp(c *ui.Context, level int, o LevelUpOptions) *ui.Element {
+	k := pixel.K(c)
+	e := ui.Box(c)
+	s := ui.Local(e, levelKey{}, func() rise { return rise{level: level} })
+	if level > s.level {
+		s.at = k.Now()
+	}
+	s.level = level
+	// Ten steps a second: six slide in, twenty stay.
+	step := since(c, k, s.at, 10, 26)
+	if step >= 26 {
+		return e
+	}
+	slide := 5 - min(step, 5)
+	if k.Reduce() {
+		slide = 0
+	}
+	title := k.Msg("level_up") + " LV " + strconv.Itoa(level)
+	w := pixel.Measure(title)*2 + 24
+	return e.Role(ui.RoleStatus).Label(title).Size(k.D(w), k.D(40)).Draw(func(p *ui.Painter, r ui.Rect) {
+		g := k.Canvas(p, r)
+		x := -slide * w / 5
+		g.Clip(0, 0, g.W, g.H, func() {
+			g.Frame(x, 4, w, 32, pixel.Window, pixel.Accent)
+			g.Text(x+13, 5, title, pixel.Shade, 2)
+			g.Text(x+12, 4, title, pixel.AccentInk, 2)
+		})
+		if slide > 0 {
+			return
+		}
+		for i, at := range [][2]int{{2, 0}, {w - 14, 2}, {w / 2, 28}, {8, 26}} {
+			if (g.Step(8)+i)%3 != 0 {
+				g.Sprite(at[0], at[1], icon.Sparkle, 0, pixel.Warn, 1)
+			}
+		}
+	})
+}
diff --git a/feedback/loaders.go b/feedback/loaders.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ce93ae8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/feedback/loaders.go
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+package feedback
+
+import (
+	"github.com/egoist/mygo/ui"
+
+	"git.zacharyzhang.com/ZacharyZhang-NY/8bitMyGoUI/pixel"
+)
+
+type DotsLoaderOptions struct{}
+
+// DotsLoader bounces three dots in turn.
+func DotsLoader(c *ui.Context, text string, o DotsLoaderOptions) *ui.Element {
+	k := pixel.K(c)
+	return ui.Box(c).Role(ui.RoleProgress).Label(text).Size(k.D(18), k.D(8)).Draw(func(p *ui.Painter, r ui.Rect) {
+		g := k.Canvas(p, r)
+		up := g.Busy(6) % 4
+		for i := range 3 {
+			y, ink := 4, pixel.Faint
+			if i == up {
+				y, ink = 0, pixel.Accent
+			}
+			g.Rect(i*7, y, 4, 4, ink)
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+type BarsLoaderOptions struct{}
+
+// heights rise and fall; each bar runs a step behind.
+var heights = [8]int{3, 6, 9, 12, 9, 6, 3, 3}
+
+// BarsLoader raises and drops five bars.
+func BarsLoader(c *ui.Context, text string, o BarsLoaderOptions) *ui.Element {
+	k := pixel.K(c)
+	return ui.Box(c).Role(ui.RoleProgress).Label(text).Size(k.D(23), k.D(12)).Draw(func(p *ui.Painter, r ui.Rect) {
+		g := k.Canvas(p, r)
+		f := g.Busy(10)
+		for i := range 5 {
+			h := heights[(f+8-i)%8]
+			g.Rect(i*5, 12-h, 3, h, pixel.Accent)
+		}
+	})
+}
diff --git a/feedback/loadingscreen.go b/feedback/loadingscreen.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..75a0073
--- /dev/null
+++ b/feedback/loadingscreen.go
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+package feedback
+
+import (
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/egoist/mygo/ui"
+
+	"git.zacharyzhang.com/ZacharyZhang-NY/8bitMyGoUI/pixel"
+)
+
+type LoadingScreenOptions struct {
+	// Tips take turns, four seconds each.
+	Tips []string
+	// Width is in dots; zero means 240.
+	Width int
+}
+
+// LoadingScreen shows NOW LOADING, stepping dots and a tip.
+func LoadingScreen(c *ui.Context, o LoadingScreenOptions) *ui.Element {
+	k := pixel.K(c)
+	w := pixel.Or("LoadingScreen Width", o.Width, 240)
+	title := k.Msg("loading")
+	return ui.Box(c).Role(ui.RoleStatus).Label(title).Size(k.D(w), k.D(2*pixel.LineHeight+8+2*pixel.LineHeight)).Draw(func(p *ui.Painter, r ui.Rect) {
+		g := k.Canvas(p, r)
+		n := g.Busy(4)
+		line := title + strings.Repeat(".", n%4)
+		x := (w - pixel.Measure(title+"...")*2) / 2
+		g.Text(x+2, 2, line, pixel.Shade, 2)
+		g.Text(x, 0, line, pixel.Accent, 2)
+		if len(o.Tips) == 0 {
+			return
+		}
+		tip := o.Tips[n/16%len(o.Tips)]
+		for i, l := range pixel.Wrap(tip, w, 2) {
+			g.Text((w-pixel.Measure(l))/2, 2*pixel.LineHeight+8+i*pixel.LineHeight, l, pixel.Faint, 1)
+		}
+	})
+}
diff --git a/feedback/meter.go b/feedback/meter.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f6e3537
--- /dev/null
+++ b/feedback/meter.go
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+package feedback
+
+import (
+	"github.com/egoist/mygo/ui"
+
+	"git.zacharyzhang.com/ZacharyZhang-NY/8bitMyGoUI/pixel"
+)
+
+type MeterOptions struct {
+	// Min and Max are zero for 0 to 1.
+	Min, Max float64
+	// Warning and Critical are levels; zero means none.
+	Warning, Critical float64
+	// Width is in dots; zero means 120.
+	Width int
+}
+
+// Meter shows a level in Good, Warn or Bad.
+func Meter(c *ui.Context, text string, value float64, o MeterOptions) *ui.Element {
+	k := pixel.K(c)
+	lo, hi := o.Min, o.Max
+	if lo == 0 && hi == 0 {
+		hi = 1
+	}
+	if hi <= lo {
+		panic("feedback: Meter range is empty")
+	}
+	w := pixel.Or("Meter Width", o.Width, 120)
+	at := func(v float64) int { return 2 + int(max(0, min(1, (v-lo)/(hi-lo)))*float64(w-4)) }
+	ink := level(value, o.Warning, o.Critical)
+	return ui.Box(c).Role(ui.RoleMeter).Label(text).Description(fmtNum(value)).Size(k.D(w), k.D(10)).Draw(func(p *ui.Painter, r ui.Rect) {
+		g := k.Canvas(p, r)
+		g.Frame(0, 0, w, 10, pixel.Sunken, pixel.Well)
+		g.Rect(2, 2, at(value)-2, 6, ink)
+		for _, mark := range []float64{o.Warning, o.Critical} {
+			if mark != 0 {
+				g.VLine(at(mark), 1, 8, pixel.Edge)
+			}
+		}
+	})
+}
diff --git a/feedback/progress.go b/feedback/progress.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..def7ca8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/feedback/progress.go
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+package feedback
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"math"
+	"strconv"
+
+	"github.com/egoist/mygo/ui"
+
+	"git.zacharyzhang.com/ZacharyZhang-NY/8bitMyGoUI/pixel"
+)
+
+type ProgressOptions struct {
+	// Width is the bar in dots; zero means 120.
+	Width int
+	// Percent shows the number after the bar.
+	Percent bool
+}
+
+// Progress fills chunk by chunk; below zero a block runs.
+func Progress(c *ui.Context, text string, value float64, o ProgressOptions) *ui.Element {
+	k := pixel.K(c)
+	if value > 1 || math.IsNaN(value) {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("feedback: Progress value %v is past 1", value))
+	}
+	w := pixel.Or("Progress Width", o.Width, 120)
+	n := (w - 3) / 5
+	pct := strconv.Itoa(int(math.Round(value*100))) + "%"
+	e := ui.Box(c).Role(ui.RoleProgress).Label(text)
+	full := w
+	if value < 0 {
+		e.Description(k.Msg("loading"))
+	} else {
+		e.Description(pct)
+		if o.Percent {
+			full += 4 + pixel.MicroWidth("100%")
+		}
+	}
+	return e.Size(k.D(full), k.D(10)).Draw(func(p *ui.Painter, r ui.Rect) {
+		g := k.Canvas(p, r)
+		g.Frame(0, 0, w, 10, pixel.Sunken, pixel.Well)
+		chunk := func(i int) { g.Rect(3+i*5, 3, 4, 4, pixel.Accent) }
+		if value < 0 {
+			at := pingpong(g.Busy(12), n-3)
+			for i := range 3 {
+				chunk(at + i)
+			}
+			return
+		}
+		for i := range int(value * float64(n)) {
+			chunk(i)
+		}
+		if o.Percent {
+			g.Micro(w+4, 2, pct, pixel.Ink, 1)
+		}
+	})
+}
diff --git a/feedback/pulse.go b/feedback/pulse.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d540088
--- /dev/null
+++ b/feedback/pulse.go
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+package feedback
+
+import (
+	"github.com/egoist/mygo/ui"
+
+	"git.zacharyzhang.com/ZacharyZhang-NY/8bitMyGoUI/pixel"
+)
+
+type PulseOptions struct {
+	// Slot colors the ring; zero means Accent.
+	Slot pixel.Slot
+}
+
+// Pulse rings its child with a ring growing in steps.
+func Pulse(c *ui.Context, o PulseOptions, content func()) *ui.Element {
+	k := pixel.K(c)
+	slot := o.Slot
+	if slot == 0 {
+		slot = pixel.Accent
+	}
+	return ui.Box(c).AlignSelf(ui.Start).Padding(k.D(6)).DrawOver(func(p *ui.Painter, r ui.Rect) {
+		g := k.Canvas(p, r)
+		f := g.Step(6) % 6
+		x, level := 5-f, 16-f*3
+		w, h := g.W-2*x, g.H-2*x
+		g.Veil(x, x, w, 1, slot, level)
+		g.Veil(x, x+h-1, w, 1, slot, level)
+		g.Veil(x, x, 1, h, slot, level)
+		g.Veil(x+w-1, x, 1, h, slot, level)
+	}).Children(content)
+}
diff --git a/feedback/readygo.go b/feedback/readygo.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..94780dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/feedback/readygo.go
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+package feedback
+
+import (
+	"log/slog"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/egoist/mygo/ui"
+
+	"git.zacharyzhang.com/ZacharyZhang-NY/8bitMyGoUI/pixel"
+)
+
+type ReadyGoOptions struct {
+	// Cue starts the count each time it changes.
+	Cue int
+}
+
+type ReadyGoResult struct {
+	Element *ui.Element
+	// Done comes once, as GO! shows.
+	Done bool
+}
+
+type goKey struct{}
+
+// ready is a count's cue, start, and Done flag.
+type ready struct {
+	n    int
+	at   time.Time
+	said bool
+}
+
+// ReadyGo counts 3, 2, 1, GO! in big digits.
+func ReadyGo(c *ui.Context, o ReadyGoOptions) ReadyGoResult {
+	k := pixel.K(c)
+	e := ui.Box(c)
+	s := ui.Local(e, goKey{}, func() ready { return ready{n: o.Cue} })
+	if s.n != o.Cue {
+		*s = ready{n: o.Cue, at: k.Now()}
+	}
+	res := ReadyGoResult{Element: e}
+	sec := since(c, k, s.at, 10, 40) / 10
+	// Done comes once, even when time jumps past GO!.
+	if sec >= 3 && !s.said && !s.at.IsZero() {
+		s.said, res.Done = true, true
+		slog.Debug("8bit: ready go")
+	}
+	if sec >= 4 {
+		return res
+	}
+	word := [...]string{"3", "2", "1", k.Msg("go")}[sec]
+	e.Role(ui.RoleStatus).Label(word).Size(k.D(120), k.D(4*pixel.LineHeight)).Draw(func(p *ui.Painter, r ui.Rect) {
+		g := k.Canvas(p, r)
+		ink := pixel.Warn
+		if sec == 3 {
+			ink = pixel.Good
+		}
+		w := pixel.Measure(word) * 4
+		g.Text((g.W-w)/2+2, 2, word, pixel.Shade, 4)
+		g.Text((g.W-w)/2, 0, word, ink, 4)
+	})
+	return res
+}
diff --git a/feedback/saveindicator.go b/feedback/saveindicator.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..578c40c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/feedback/saveindicator.go
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+package feedback
+
+import (
+	"github.com/egoist/mygo/ui"
+
+	"git.zacharyzhang.com/ZacharyZhang-NY/8bitMyGoUI/icon"
+	"git.zacharyzhang.com/ZacharyZhang-NY/8bitMyGoUI/pixel"
+)
+
+type SaveIndicatorOptions struct{}
+
+type saveKey struct{}
+
+// spin is the floppy's width, frame by frame.
+var spin = [4]int{12, 8, 2, 8}
+
+// SaveIndicator spins a floppy while saving, then shows SAVED ✓.
+func SaveIndicator(c *ui.Context, saving bool, o SaveIndicatorOptions) *ui.Element {
+	k := pixel.K(c)
+	e := ui.Row(c).Gap(k.D(4)).AlignItems(ui.Center)
+	ever := ui.Local(e, saveKey{}, func() bool { return false })
+	if saving {
+		*ever = true
+	}
+	if !*ever {
+		return e
+	}
+	word, ink := k.Msg("saved"), pixel.Good
+	if saving {
+		word, ink = k.Msg("saving")+"…", pixel.Faint
+	}
+	return e.Role(ui.RoleStatus).Label(word).Children(func() {
+		ui.Box(c).Size(k.D(12), k.D(12)).Draw(func(p *ui.Painter, r ui.Rect) {
+			g := k.Canvas(p, r)
+			if !saving {
+				g.Sprite(0, 0, icon.Check, 0, pixel.Good, 1)
+				return
+			}
+			// A coin spin: columns squeeze in, crisp.
+			w := spin[g.Busy(8)%4]
+			x0 := (12 - w) / 2
+			for x := range w {
+				sx := x * 12 / w
+				g.Clip(x0+x, 0, 1, 12, func() { g.Sprite(x0+x-sx, 0, icon.Save, 0, pixel.Info, 1) })
+			}
+		})
+		pixel.Text(c, word, pixel.TextOptions{Slot: ink})
+	})
+}
diff --git a/feedback/shake.go b/feedback/shake.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..925a42b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/feedback/shake.go
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+package feedback
+
+import (
+	"github.com/egoist/mygo/ui"
+
+	"git.zacharyzhang.com/ZacharyZhang-NY/8bitMyGoUI/pixel"
+)
+
+type ShakeOptions struct {
+	// Cue shakes the child each time it changes.
+	Cue int
+}
+
+// shakes are the child's offsets in dots, a step each.
+var shakes = [...]int{2, -2, 2, -2, 1, -1, 0}
+
+// Shake jolts its child side to side briefly.
+func Shake(c *ui.Context, o ShakeOptions, content func()) *ui.Element {
+	k := pixel.K(c)
+	e := ui.Box(c)
+	dx := 0
+	if step := since(c, k, cue(e, k, o.Cue), 20, len(shakes)-1); !k.Reduce() {
+		dx = shakes[step]
+	}
+	return e.Padding(0, k.D(2-dx), 0, k.D(2+dx)).Children(content)
+}
diff --git a/feedback/skeleton.go b/feedback/skeleton.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c6c86fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/feedback/skeleton.go
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+package feedback
+
+import (
+	"github.com/egoist/mygo/ui"
+
+	"git.zacharyzhang.com/ZacharyZhang-NY/8bitMyGoUI/pixel"
+)
+
+type SkeletonOptions struct {
+	// Lines is the text lines; zero means 3.
+	Lines int
+	// Avatar puts a square before the lines.
+	Avatar bool
+	// Width is in dots; zero means 160.
+	Width int
+}
+
+// Skeleton stands in for content; a dithered shine sweeps it.
+func Skeleton(c *ui.Context, o SkeletonOptions) *ui.Element {
+	k := pixel.K(c)
+	n := pixel.Or("Skeleton Lines", o.Lines, 3)
+	w := pixel.Or("Skeleton Width", o.Width, 160)
+	h := n*12 - 4
+	return ui.Box(c).Role(ui.RoleStatus).Label(k.Msg("loading")).Size(k.D(w), k.D(max(h, 24))).Draw(func(p *ui.Painter, r ui.Rect) {
+		g := k.Canvas(p, r)
+		x := 0
+		var shapes [][4]int
+		if o.Avatar {
+			shapes, x = append(shapes, [4]int{0, 0, 24, 24}), 30
+		}
+		for i := range n {
+			lw := w - x
+			if i == n-1 && n > 1 {
+				lw = lw * 3 / 5
+			}
+			shapes = append(shapes, [4]int{x, i * 12, lw, 8})
+		}
+		shine := g.Step(8)*6%(w+48) - 24
+		for _, s := range shapes {
+			g.Dither(s[0], s[1], s[2], s[3], pixel.Shade, pixel.Face, 4)
+			g.Clip(s[0], s[1], s[2], s[3], func() { g.Veil(shine, s[1], 16, s[3], pixel.Lit, 6) })
+		}
+	})
+}
diff --git a/feedback/spinner.go b/feedback/spinner.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b8cf918
--- /dev/null
+++ b/feedback/spinner.go
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+package feedback
+
+import (
+	"github.com/egoist/mygo/ui"
+
+	"git.zacharyzhang.com/ZacharyZhang-NY/8bitMyGoUI/pixel"
+)
+
+type SpinnerOptions struct {
+	// Scale is 1–4; zero means 1.
+	Scale int
+}
+
+// ring is where the spinner's eight beads sit, by hand.
+var ring = [8][2]int{{5, 1}, {8, 2}, {9, 5}, {8, 8}, {5, 9}, {2, 8}, {1, 5}, {2, 2}}
+
+// Spinner turns through eight frames, even under Reduce Motion.
+func Spinner(c *ui.Context, text string, o SpinnerOptions) *ui.Element {
+	k := pixel.K(c)
+	s := pixel.Or("Spinner Scale", o.Scale, 1)
+	if s > 4 {
+		panic("feedback: Spinner Scale past 4")
+	}
+	return ui.Box(c).Role(ui.RoleProgress).Label(text).Size(k.D(12*s), k.D(12*s)).Draw(func(p *ui.Painter, r ui.Rect) {
+		beads(k.Canvas(p, r), 0, 0, s)
+	})
+}
+
+// beads draws the spinner ring at x, y, scaled s.
+func beads(g pixel.Canvas, x, y, s int) {
+	head := g.Busy(10) % 8
+	for i, at := range ring {
+		ink := pixel.Shade
+		switch (head - i + 8) % 8 {
+		case 0:
+			ink = pixel.Accent
+		case 1:
+			ink = pixel.AccentLit
+		case 2:
+			ink = pixel.Faint
+		}
+		g.Rect(x+at[0]*s, y+at[1]*s, 2*s, 2*s, ink)
+	}
+}
diff --git a/feedback/states.go b/feedback/states.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1dc1323
--- /dev/null
+++ b/feedback/states.go
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+package feedback
+
+import (
+	"log/slog"
+	"strconv"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/egoist/mygo/ui"
+
+	"git.zacharyzhang.com/ZacharyZhang-NY/8bitMyGoUI/display"
+	"git.zacharyzhang.com/ZacharyZhang-NY/8bitMyGoUI/icon"
+	"git.zacharyzhang.com/ZacharyZhang-NY/8bitMyGoUI/input"
+	"git.zacharyzhang.com/ZacharyZhang-NY/8bitMyGoUI/pixel"
+	"git.zacharyzhang.com/ZacharyZhang-NY/8bitMyGoUI/text"
+)
+
+var openChest = pixel.MustSprite(`
+	..eeeeeeeeeeee..
+	.esssssssssssse.
+	.elllllllllllle.
+	..eeeeeeeeeeee..
+	................
+	eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee
+	ewwwwwwwwwwwwwwe
+	ewwwwwwwwwwwwwwe
+	eeeeeeeyyeeeeeee
+	essssssyysssssse
+	esssssssssssssse
+	eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee
+`)
+
+type EmptyStateOptions struct {
+	// Action labels a button; Acted reports it.
+	Action   string
+	Disabled bool
+}
+
+type EmptyStateResult struct {
+	Element *ui.Element
+	Acted   bool
+}
+
+// EmptyState shows NO ITEMS over an empty chest.
+func EmptyState(c *ui.Context, message string, o EmptyStateOptions) EmptyStateResult {
+	k := pixel.K(c)
+	res := EmptyStateResult{}
+	res.Element = ui.Column(c).Gap(k.D(6)).Padding(k.D(12)).AlignItems(ui.Center).Role(ui.RoleStatus).Label(k.Msg("empty")).Children(func() {
+		display.Sprite(c, openChest, display.SpriteOptions{Scale: 2})
+		text.ShadowText(c, k.Msg("empty"), text.ShadowTextOptions{Slot: pixel.Faint, Scale: 2})
+		pixel.Text(c, message, pixel.TextOptions{Slot: pixel.Faint})
+		if o.Action != "" {
+			res.Acted = input.Button(c, o.Action, input.ButtonOptions{Variant: input.Primary, Disabled: o.Disabled}).Clicked
+		}
+	})
+	return res
+}
+
+type ErrorStateOptions struct {
+	Disabled bool
+}
+
+type ErrorStateResult struct {
+	Element  *ui.Element
+	Continue bool
+}
+
+type startKey struct{}
+
+// ErrorState is GAME OVER with a CONTINUE? countdown and RETRY.
+func ErrorState(c *ui.Context, message string, o ErrorStateOptions) ErrorStateResult {
+	k := pixel.K(c)
+	col := ui.Column(c).Gap(k.D(8)).Padding(k.D(16)).AlignItems(ui.Center).Role(ui.RoleGroup).Label(k.Msg("game_over"))
+	start := ui.Local(col, startKey{}, func() time.Time { return k.Now() })
+	left := max(0, 9-int(k.Now().Sub(*start)/time.Second))
+	if left > 0 {
+		k.Tick(c, 10)
+	}
+	res := ErrorStateResult{Element: col}
+	col.Children(func() {
+		text.ShadowText(c, k.Msg("game_over"), text.ShadowTextOptions{Slot: pixel.Bad, Scale: 3})
+		pixel.Text(c, message, pixel.TextOptions{Slot: pixel.Faint, Wrap: true, MaxLines: 6}).Width(k.D(min(pixel.Measure(message), 280)))
+		display.Icon(c, icon.Skull, display.IconOptions{Scale: 3})
+		text.ShadowText(c, k.Msg("continue")+" "+strconv.Itoa(left), text.ShadowTextOptions{Slot: pixel.Accent, Scale: 2})
+		res.Continue = input.Button(c, k.Msg("retry"), input.ButtonOptions{Variant: input.Primary, Disabled: o.Disabled}).Clicked
+	})
+	if res.Continue {
+		slog.Debug("8bit: continue", "left", left)
+	}
+	return res
+}
+
+type SuccessStateOptions struct {
+	// Stars pop in one by one; zero means 3.
+	Stars int
+}
+
+// SuccessState is STAGE CLEAR! with stars popping in steps.
+func SuccessState(c *ui.Context, message string, o SuccessStateOptions) *ui.Element {
+	k := pixel.K(c)
+	n := pixel.Or("SuccessState Stars", o.Stars, 3)
+	col := ui.Column(c).Gap(k.D(8)).Padding(k.D(16)).AlignItems(ui.Center).Role(ui.RoleStatus).Label(k.Msg("stage_clear"))
+	start := ui.Local(col, startKey{}, func() time.Time { return k.Now() })
+	// Stars come four a second; Reduce Motion shows them all.
+	shown := n + 1
+	if !k.Reduce() {
+		shown = min(n+1, int(k.Now().Sub(*start)*4/time.Second))
+		if shown <= n {
+			k.Tick(c, 8)
+		}
+	}
+	return col.Children(func() {
+		text.ShadowText(c, k.Msg("stage_clear"), text.ShadowTextOptions{Slot: pixel.Good, Scale: 3})
+		w := icon.Star.W*2 + 4
+		ui.Box(c).Size(k.D(n*w), k.D(icon.Star.H*2+4)).Draw(func(p *ui.Painter, r ui.Rect) {
+			g := k.Canvas(p, r)
+			for i := range min(shown, n) {
+				if i == shown-1 {
+					for _, d := range [][2]int{{-1, 0}, {1, 0}, {0, -1}, {0, 1}} {
+						g.Sprite(i*w+2+d[0], 2+d[1], icon.Star, 0, pixel.Lit, 2)
+					}
+				}
+				g.Sprite(i*w+2, 2, icon.Star, 0, pixel.Warn, 2)
+			}
+		})
+		pixel.Text(c, message, pixel.TextOptions{})
+	})
+}
diff --git a/feedback/states_test.go b/feedback/states_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..290b8fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/feedback/states_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,221 @@
+package feedback_test
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/egoist/mygo/ui"
+
+	"git.zacharyzhang.com/ZacharyZhang-NY/8bitMyGoUI/feedback"
+	"git.zacharyzhang.com/ZacharyZhang-NY/8bitMyGoUI/pixel"
+)
+
+func TestAlertAndBannerReportClicks(t *testing.T) {
+	closed, action, dismissed := 0, "", 0
+	tt := view(500, 300, newClock(), false, func(c *ui.Context) {
+		if feedback.Alert(c, "Low HP", "Drink a potion.", feedback.AlertOptions{Kind: feedback.Danger, Closable: true}).Closed {
+			closed++
+		}
+		r := feedback.Banner(c, "New quest!", feedback.BannerOptions{Kind: feedback.Info, Actions: []string{"VIEW"}, Dismissable: true})
+		if r.Action != "" {
+			action = r.Action
+		}
+		if r.Dismissed {
+			dismissed++
+		}
+	})
+	if count(slots(t, tt.Image(), find(t, tt, "Low HP")), pixel.Bad) == 0 {
+		t.Fatal("a danger alert shows no Bad")
+	}
+	click(t, tt, "CLOSE")
+	click(t, tt, "VIEW")
+	if closed != 1 || action != "VIEW" {
+		t.Fatalf("closed %d, action %q", closed, action)
+	}
+	tt = view(500, 100, newClock(), false, func(c *ui.Context) {
+		if feedback.Banner(c, "New quest!", feedback.BannerOptions{Dismissable: true}).Dismissed {
+			dismissed++
+		}
+	})
+	click(t, tt, "CLOSE")
+	if dismissed != 1 {
+		t.Fatal("the banner's × did not dismiss it")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestEmptyStateAction(t *testing.T) {
+	acted := 0
+	tt := view(400, 300, newClock(), false, func(c *ui.Context) {
+		if feedback.EmptyState(c, "Your bag is empty.", feedback.EmptyStateOptions{Action: "SHOP"}).Acted {
+			acted++
+		}
+	})
+	find(t, tt, "NO ITEMS")
+	click(t, tt, "SHOP")
+	if acted != 1 {
+		t.Fatal("the action did not report")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestErrorStateCountsDownAndContinues(t *testing.T) {
+	clk := newClock()
+	cont := 0
+	tt := view(600, 500, clk, true, func(c *ui.Context) {
+		if feedback.ErrorState(c, "The slime won.", feedback.ErrorStateOptions{}).Continue {
+			cont++
+		}
+	})
+	find(t, tt, "CONTINUE? 9")
+	wait(tt, clk, 3*time.Second)
+	find(t, tt, "CONTINUE? 6")
+	wait(tt, clk, 10*time.Second)
+	find(t, tt, "CONTINUE? 0")
+	click(t, tt, "RETRY")
+	if cont != 1 {
+		t.Fatal("RETRY did not report Continue")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSuccessStateStarsPopInTurn(t *testing.T) {
+	stars := func(reduce bool, d time.Duration) int {
+		clk := newClock()
+		tt := view(600, 400, clk, reduce, func(c *ui.Context) {
+			feedback.SuccessState(c, "All coins found.", feedback.SuccessStateOptions{Stars: 3})
+		})
+		wait(tt, clk, d)
+		return count(slots(t, tt.Image(), find(t, tt, "STAGE CLEAR!")), pixel.Warn)
+	}
+	early, late := stars(false, 300*time.Millisecond), stars(false, 2*time.Second)
+	if early == 0 || early >= late {
+		t.Fatalf("stars did not pop in turn: %d then %d", early, late)
+	}
+	if stars(true, 0) != late {
+		t.Fatal("Reduce Motion did not show every star at once")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestInlineMessageMarks(t *testing.T) {
+	tt := view(400, 100, newClock(), false, func(c *ui.Context) {
+		feedback.InlineMessage(c, "Name taken", feedback.InlineMessageOptions{Kind: feedback.Danger})
+		feedback.InlineMessage(c, "Looks good", feedback.InlineMessageOptions{Kind: feedback.Success})
+	})
+	bad, good := slots(t, tt.Image(), find(t, tt, "Name taken")), slots(t, tt.Image(), find(t, tt, "Looks good"))
+	if count(bad, pixel.Bad) == 0 || count(good, pixel.Good) == 0 {
+		t.Fatal("marks do not take their kind's slot")
+	}
+	// The mark is the first seven dots across.
+	mark := func(l string, ink pixel.Slot) (out []bool) {
+		r := find(t, tt, l)
+		for _, v := range slots(t, tt.Image(), ui.Rect{X: r.X, Y: r.Y, W: 14, H: r.H}) {
+			out = append(out, v == ink)
+		}
+		return out
+	}
+	if equal(mark("Name taken", pixel.Bad), mark("Looks good", pixel.Good)) {
+		t.Fatal("✓ and ! look alike")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestToastsQueueExpireAndAct(t *testing.T) {
+	clk := newClock()
+	q := []feedback.Toast{{Message: "one"}, {Message: "two"}, {Message: "three", For: 5 * time.Second}, {Message: "four", Action: "UNDO"}}
+	var acted *feedback.Toast
+	tt := view(500, 400, clk, false, func(c *ui.Context) {
+		if r := feedback.Toasts(c, &q, feedback.ToastsOptions{}); r.Acted != nil {
+			acted = r.Acted
+		}
+	})
+	if _, ok := tt.Find("four"); ok || len(q) != 4 {
+		t.Fatal("more than three toasts showed")
+	}
+	wait(tt, clk, 3*time.Second)
+	find(t, tt, "three")
+	find(t, tt, "four")
+	if _, ok := tt.Find("one"); ok || len(q) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("toasts did not leave on time: %d left", len(q))
+	}
+	click(t, tt, "UNDO")
+	if acted == nil || acted.Message != "four" || len(q) != 1 {
+		t.Fatal("the action did not report or clear its toast")
+	}
+	wait(tt, clk, 3*time.Second)
+	if len(q) != 0 {
+		t.Fatal("a five-second toast outlived its time")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestContinuePromptAnswersOrTimesOut(t *testing.T) {
+	clk := newClock()
+	var yes, timedOut int
+	tt := view(400, 400, clk, false, func(c *ui.Context) {
+		r := feedback.ContinuePrompt(c, feedback.ContinuePromptOptions{Seconds: 5})
+		if r.Yes {
+			yes++
+		}
+		if r.TimedOut {
+			timedOut++
+		}
+	})
+	find(t, tt, "5")
+	wait(tt, clk, 2*time.Second)
+	find(t, tt, "3")
+	wait(tt, clk, 4*time.Second)
+	wait(tt, clk, time.Second)
+	click(t, tt, "YES")
+	if timedOut != 1 || yes != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("timed out %d times; YES after time counted %d", timedOut, yes)
+	}
+	clk2 := newClock()
+	tt = view(400, 400, clk2, false, func(c *ui.Context) {
+		if feedback.ContinuePrompt(c, feedback.ContinuePromptOptions{}).Yes {
+			yes++
+		}
+	})
+	click(t, tt, "YES")
+	wait(tt, clk2, 20*time.Second)
+	if yes != 1 {
+		t.Fatal("YES did not report")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestTwinToastsBothShow(t *testing.T) {
+	q := []feedback.Toast{{Message: "same"}, {Message: "same"}}
+	tt := view(500, 300, newClock(), false, func(c *ui.Context) {
+		feedback.Toasts(c, &q, feedback.ToastsOptions{})
+	})
+	n := 0
+	for _, s := range tt.Texts() {
+		if s == "same" {
+			n++
+		}
+	}
+	// Each toast and its text both carry the message.
+	if n != 4 {
+		t.Fatalf("%d labels for two twin toasts", n)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestDisabledFeedbackButtonsDoNothing(t *testing.T) {
+	events := 0
+	q := []feedback.Toast{{Message: "dropped", Action: "UNDO"}}
+	tt := view(800, 2000, newClock(), false, func(c *ui.Context) {
+		on := func(b bool) {
+			if b {
+				events++
+			}
+		}
+		on(feedback.Alert(c, "A", "a", feedback.AlertOptions{Closable: true, Disabled: true}).Closed)
+		r := feedback.Banner(c, "B", feedback.BannerOptions{Actions: []string{"GO"}, Disabled: true})
+		on(r.Action != "")
+		on(feedback.EmptyState(c, "E", feedback.EmptyStateOptions{Action: "SHOP", Disabled: true}).Acted)
+		on(feedback.ErrorState(c, "X", feedback.ErrorStateOptions{Disabled: true}).Continue)
+		on(feedback.ContinuePrompt(c, feedback.ContinuePromptOptions{Disabled: true}).Yes)
+		on(feedback.Toasts(c, &q, feedback.ToastsOptions{Disabled: true}).Acted != nil)
+	})
+	for _, l := range []string{"CLOSE", "GO", "SHOP", "RETRY", "YES", "UNDO"} {
+		click(t, tt, l)
+	}
+	if events != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("disabled buttons reported %d events", events)
+	}
+}
diff --git a/feedback/toasts.go b/feedback/toasts.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e8bac30
--- /dev/null
+++ b/feedback/toasts.go
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+package feedback
+
+import (
+	"log/slog"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/egoist/mygo/ui"
+
+	"git.zacharyzhang.com/ZacharyZhang-NY/8bitMyGoUI/input"
+	"git.zacharyzhang.com/ZacharyZhang-NY/8bitMyGoUI/pixel"
+)
+
+// Toast is a short message in the queue Toasts shows.
+type Toast struct {
+	Message string
+	// Action labels an optional button.
+	Action string
+	// For is how long it shows; zero means three seconds.
+	For time.Duration
+	// id and shown are set as it first shows.
+	id    uint64
+	shown time.Time
+}
+
+type ToastsOptions struct {
+	// Width is each toast's in dots; zero means 200.
+	Width    int
+	Disabled bool
+}
+
+type ToastsResult struct {
+	// Element holds the toasts on screen.
+	Element *ui.Element
+	// Acted is the toast whose action was clicked, else nil.
+	Acted *Toast
+}
+
+type toastsKey struct{}
+
+// Toasts shows three timed messages at the bottom.
+func Toasts(c *ui.Context, queue *[]Toast, o ToastsOptions) ToastsResult {
+	k := pixel.K(c)
+	w := pixel.Or("Toasts Width", o.Width, 200)
+	now := k.Now()
+	kept := (*queue)[:0]
+	for _, t := range *queue {
+		if t.For < 0 {
+			panic("feedback: Toast For is negative")
+		}
+		life := t.For
+		if life == 0 {
+			life = 3 * time.Second
+		}
+		if t.shown.IsZero() || now.Sub(t.shown) < life {
+			kept = append(kept, t)
+		}
+	}
+	*queue = kept
+	n := min(3, len(*queue))
+	last := ui.Local(c.Root(), toastsKey{}, func() uint64 { return 0 })
+	for i := range n {
+		if (*queue)[i].id == 0 {
+			*last++
+			(*queue)[i].id, (*queue)[i].shown = *last, now
+		}
+	}
+	if n > 0 {
+		k.Tick(c, 4)
+	}
+	res := ToastsResult{}
+	left := (c.Root().Bounds().W - k.D(w)) / 2
+	ui.Overlay(c, func() {
+		res.Element = ui.Column(c).Absolute().Left(left).Bottom(k.D(8)).Width(k.D(w)).Gap(k.D(4)).Children(func() {
+			for i := range n {
+				t := (*queue)[i]
+				ui.Row(c).Key(t.id).Padding(k.D(5), k.D(6)).Gap(k.D(6)).AlignItems(ui.Center).Role(ui.RoleStatus).Label(t.Message).Draw(func(p *ui.Painter, r ui.Rect) {
+					g := k.Canvas(p, r)
+					g.Frame(0, 0, g.W, g.H, pixel.Window, pixel.Face)
+				}).Children(func() {
+					pixel.Text(c, t.Message, pixel.TextOptions{Wrap: true, MaxLines: 2}).Grow(1)
+					if t.Action != "" && input.Button(c, t.Action, input.ButtonOptions{Size: input.Small, Disabled: o.Disabled}).Clicked {
+						res.Acted = &t
+					}
+				})
+			}
+		})
+	})
+	if res.Acted != nil {
+		*queue = removeToast(*queue, res.Acted.id)
+		slog.Debug("8bit: toast action", "message", res.Acted.Message, "action", res.Acted.Action)
+	}
+	return res
+}
+
+// removeToast drops the toast with id from q.
+func removeToast(q []Toast, id uint64) []Toast {
+	for i := range q {
+		if q[i].id == id {
+			return append(q[:i], q[i+1:]...)
+		}
+	}
+	return q
+}
diff --git a/gallery/app_test.go b/gallery/app_test.go
index 0aee118..be53324 100644
--- a/gallery/app_test.go
+++ b/gallery/app_test.go
@@ -123,10 +123,10 @@ func TestLostPageAndLocale(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("lost page texts %q", tt.Texts())
 	}
 	click(t, tt, "language")
-	if a.locale != pixel.Zh || !tt.HasText("继续？") {
+	if a.locale != pixel.Zh || !tt.HasText("重试") {
 		t.Fatal("language toggle did not switch built-in copy")
 	}
-	click(t, tt, "继续？")
+	click(t, tt, "重试")
 	if a.Path() != "/" {
 		t.Fatalf("continue went to %q", a.Path())
 	}
diff --git a/gallery/demos_feedback.go b/gallery/demos_feedback.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e5b70bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gallery/demos_feedback.go
@@ -0,0 +1,373 @@
+package gallery
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/egoist/mygo/ui"
+
+	"git.zacharyzhang.com/ZacharyZhang-NY/8bitMyGoUI/feedback"
+	"git.zacharyzhang.com/ZacharyZhang-NY/8bitMyGoUI/icon"
+	"git.zacharyzhang.com/ZacharyZhang-NY/8bitMyGoUI/input"
+	"git.zacharyzhang.com/ZacharyZhang-NY/8bitMyGoUI/pixel"
+)
+
+var feedbackEntries = []Entry{
+	{106, "Progress", "进度条", "feedback", "A bar that fills chunk by chunk. Below zero, a block runs back and forth.", demoProgress},
+	{107, "Spinner", "旋转器", "feedback", "Eight frames of beads going round. It keeps turning under Reduce Motion: it means work.", demoSpinner},
+	{108, "Meter", "计量条", "feedback", "A level that turns Warn past a mark and Bad past the next.", demoMeter},
+	{109, "Skeleton", "骨架屏", "feedback", "Dithered stand-ins with a shine sweeping across in steps.", demoSkeleton},
+	{110, "Alert", "提示框", "feedback", "A framed callout: info, success, warning or danger, with an optional ×.", demoAlert},
+	{111, "Banner", "横幅", "feedback", "A full-width strip with actions and a ×.", demoBanner},
+	{112, "EmptyState", "空状态", "feedback", "NO ITEMS over an empty chest, and something to do about it.", demoEmptyState},
+	{113, "ErrorState", "错误态", "feedback", "GAME OVER, a CONTINUE? countdown and RETRY. The gallery's own errors use it.", demoErrorState},
+	{114, "SuccessState", "通关", "feedback", "STAGE CLEAR! The stars pop in one by one.", demoSuccessState},
+	{115, "LoadingScreen", "加载画面", "feedback", "NOW LOADING with stepping dots and a tip every four seconds.", demoLoadingScreen},
+	{116, "DotsLoader", "点点加载", "feedback", "Three dots hopping in turn.", demoDotsLoader},
+	{117, "BarsLoader", "柱状加载", "feedback", "Five bars rising and falling, a step apart.", demoBarsLoader},
+	{118, "Hourglass", "沙漏", "feedback", "Sand falls in steps, then the glass flips.", demoHourglass},
+	{119, "Toast", "吐司", "feedback", "Short messages at the bottom, three at a time, each for a few seconds. Some can be undone.", demoToast},
+	{120, "InlineMessage", "行内提示", "feedback", "A small ! or ✓ note under a field.", demoInlineMessage},
+	{121, "CountUp", "计数", "feedback", "Numbers count up in steps, the way scores should.", demoCountUp},
+	{122, "Pulse", "脉冲", "feedback", "A dithered ring grows around what wants attention.", demoPulse},
+	{123, "LevelUp", "升级", "feedback", "LEVEL UP! slides in with sparkles when the level rises.", demoLevelUp},
+	{124, "Achievement", "成就", "feedback", "A trophy card slides in, waits, and slides away.", demoAchievement},
+	{125, "ComboCounter", "连击", "feedback", "×12 COMBO! It pops a dot bigger with every hit.", demoComboCounter},
+	{126, "ContinuePrompt", "继续？", "feedback", "CONTINUE? YES or NO before the count runs out.", demoContinuePrompt},
+	{127, "SaveIndicator", "存档指示", "feedback", "A floppy spins while saving, then SAVED ✓.", demoSaveIndicator},
+	{128, "BusyOverlay", "忙碌遮罩", "feedback", "A checker veil and spinner over busy content; it takes the pointer and the focus.", demoBusyOverlay},
+	{129, "ReadyGo", "预备开始", "feedback", "3, 2, 1, GO! in big digits, a second each.", demoReadyGo},
+	{130, "Shake", "抖动", "feedback", "Jolts its child side to side, for a wrong answer.", demoShake},
+}
+
+type feedbackDemo struct {
+	progress, hp                    float64
+	closed                          bool
+	tries, replays, prompts, score  int
+	level, cue, combo, start, shake int
+	toasts                          []feedback.Toast
+	hero, secret, motto             string
+	saving, busy                    time.Time
+}
+
+func feedbackState(c *ui.Context) *feedbackDemo {
+	return ui.Local(c.Root(), demoKey("feedback"), func() feedbackDemo {
+		return feedbackDemo{progress: 0.3, hp: 0.5, level: 4}
+	})
+}
+
+func demoProgress(c *ui.Context, log func(string)) {
+	k := pixel.K(c)
+	s := feedbackState(c)
+	ui.Column(c).Gap(k.D(6)).Children(func() {
+		feedback.Progress(c, "Download", s.progress, feedback.ProgressOptions{Percent: true})
+		feedback.Progress(c, "Searching", -1, feedback.ProgressOptions{})
+		ui.Row(c).Gap(k.D(4)).Children(func() {
+			if input.Button(c, "+10%", input.ButtonOptions{Size: input.Small}).Clicked {
+				s.progress = min(1, s.progress+0.1)
+				log(fmt.Sprintf("%.0f%%", s.progress*100))
+			}
+			if input.Button(c, "RESET", input.ButtonOptions{Size: input.Small}).Clicked {
+				s.progress = 0
+				log("reset")
+			}
+		})
+	})
+}
+
+func demoSpinner(c *ui.Context, log func(string)) {
+	k := pixel.K(c)
+	ui.Row(c).Gap(k.D(12)).AlignItems(ui.Center).Children(func() {
+		for sc := 1; sc <= 3; sc++ {
+			feedback.Spinner(c, fmt.Sprintf("Loading ×%d", sc), feedback.SpinnerOptions{Scale: sc})
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+func demoMeter(c *ui.Context, log func(string)) {
+	k := pixel.K(c)
+	s := feedbackState(c)
+	ui.Column(c).Gap(k.D(6)).Children(func() {
+		feedback.Meter(c, "Heat", s.hp, feedback.MeterOptions{Warning: 0.6, Critical: 0.85})
+		if input.Slider(c, "Heat level", &s.hp, input.SliderOptions{}).Changed {
+			log(fmt.Sprintf("heat %.2f", s.hp))
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+func demoSkeleton(c *ui.Context, log func(string)) {
+	k := pixel.K(c)
+	ui.Column(c).Gap(k.D(10)).Children(func() {
+		feedback.Skeleton(c, feedback.SkeletonOptions{Avatar: true})
+		feedback.Skeleton(c, feedback.SkeletonOptions{Lines: 2, Width: 120})
+	})
+}
+
+func demoAlert(c *ui.Context, log func(string)) {
+	k := pixel.K(c)
+	s := feedbackState(c)
+	ui.Column(c).Gap(k.D(4)).Children(func() {
+		feedback.Alert(c, "Did you know?", "Pressing P paints the world anew.", feedback.AlertOptions{Kind: feedback.Info})
+		feedback.Alert(c, "Quest complete", "The princess was in this castle.", feedback.AlertOptions{Kind: feedback.Success})
+		feedback.Alert(c, "Low on potions", "Two left. Shop before the boss.", feedback.AlertOptions{Kind: feedback.Warning})
+		if !s.closed && feedback.Alert(c, "Save corrupted", "Just kidding. Close me.", feedback.AlertOptions{Kind: feedback.Danger, Closable: true}).Closed {
+			s.closed = true
+			log("closed")
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+func demoBanner(c *ui.Context, log func(string)) {
+	r := feedback.Banner(c, "A new patch is out: slimes now bounce higher.", feedback.BannerOptions{Kind: feedback.Info, Actions: []string{"UPDATE", "LATER"}, Dismissable: true})
+	if r.Action != "" {
+		log(r.Action)
+	}
+	if r.Dismissed {
+		log("dismissed")
+	}
+}
+
+func demoEmptyState(c *ui.Context, log func(string)) {
+	if feedback.EmptyState(c, "Your inventory is empty.", feedback.EmptyStateOptions{Action: "VISIT SHOP"}).Acted {
+		log("off to the shop")
+	}
+}
+
+func demoErrorState(c *ui.Context, log func(string)) {
+	s := feedbackState(c)
+	// A new key starts a fresh countdown.
+	ui.Box(c).Key(s.tries).Children(func() {
+		if feedback.ErrorState(c, "The slime won this round.", feedback.ErrorStateOptions{}).Continue {
+			s.tries++
+			log(fmt.Sprintf("continue #%d", s.tries))
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+func demoSuccessState(c *ui.Context, log func(string)) {
+	k := pixel.K(c)
+	s := feedbackState(c)
+	ui.Column(c).Gap(k.D(4)).AlignItems(ui.Center).Children(func() {
+		ui.Box(c).Key(s.replays).Children(func() {
+			feedback.SuccessState(c, "All 99 coins found.", feedback.SuccessStateOptions{})
+		})
+		if input.Button(c, "REPLAY", input.ButtonOptions{Size: input.Small}).Clicked {
+			s.replays++
+			log("replay")
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+func demoLoadingScreen(c *ui.Context, log func(string)) {
+	feedback.LoadingScreen(c, feedback.LoadingScreenOptions{Tips: []string{
+		"Tip: slimes fear the color red.", "Tip: press P to change the palette.", "Tip: save often. The dragon does not wait.",
+	}})
+}
+
+func demoDotsLoader(c *ui.Context, log func(string)) {
+	k := pixel.K(c)
+	ui.Row(c).Gap(k.D(6)).AlignItems(ui.Center).Children(func() {
+		feedback.DotsLoader(c, "Thinking", feedback.DotsLoaderOptions{})
+		pixel.Text(c, "The wizard is thinking", pixel.TextOptions{Slot: pixel.Faint})
+	})
+}
+
+func demoBarsLoader(c *ui.Context, log func(string)) {
+	k := pixel.K(c)
+	ui.Row(c).Gap(k.D(6)).AlignItems(ui.Center).Children(func() {
+		feedback.BarsLoader(c, "Tuning", feedback.BarsLoaderOptions{})
+		pixel.Text(c, "Tuning the chiptune", pixel.TextOptions{Slot: pixel.Faint})
+	})
+}
+
+func demoHourglass(c *ui.Context, log func(string)) {
+	k := pixel.K(c)
+	ui.Row(c).Gap(k.D(6)).AlignItems(ui.Center).Children(func() {
+		feedback.Hourglass(c, "Waiting", feedback.HourglassOptions{})
+		pixel.Text(c, "The turn passes", pixel.TextOptions{Slot: pixel.Faint})
+	})
+}
+
+func demoToast(c *ui.Context, log func(string)) {
+	k := pixel.K(c)
+	s := feedbackState(c)
+	ui.Row(c).Gap(k.D(4)).Children(func() {
+		if input.Button(c, "SAVE GAME", input.ButtonOptions{Size: input.Small}).Clicked {
+			s.toasts = append(s.toasts, feedback.Toast{Message: "Game saved."})
+			log("toast: saved")
+		}
+		if input.Button(c, "DROP SWORD", input.ButtonOptions{Size: input.Small}).Clicked {
+			s.toasts = append(s.toasts, feedback.Toast{Message: "You dropped the sword.", Action: "UNDO", For: 5 * time.Second})
+			log("toast: dropped")
+		}
+	})
+	if r := feedback.Toasts(c, &s.toasts, feedback.ToastsOptions{}); r.Acted != nil {
+		log(r.Acted.Action + ": " + r.Acted.Message)
+	}
+}
+
+func demoInlineMessage(c *ui.Context, log func(string)) {
+	k := pixel.K(c)
+	s := feedbackState(c)
+	ui.Column(c).Gap(k.D(3)).Children(func() {
+		if input.TextInput(c, "Hero name", &s.hero, input.TextInputOptions{Placeholder: "Your name"}).Changed {
+			log("name " + s.hero)
+		}
+		if s.hero == "" {
+			feedback.InlineMessage(c, "A hero needs a name.", feedback.InlineMessageOptions{Kind: feedback.Danger})
+		} else {
+			feedback.InlineMessage(c, "That name is free!", feedback.InlineMessageOptions{Kind: feedback.Success})
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+func demoCountUp(c *ui.Context, log func(string)) {
+	k := pixel.K(c)
+	s := feedbackState(c)
+	ui.Row(c).Gap(k.D(8)).AlignItems(ui.Center).Children(func() {
+		feedback.CountUp(c, s.score, feedback.CountUpOptions{Scale: 2, Slot: pixel.Accent})
+		for _, add := range []int{100, 1000} {
+			if input.Button(c, fmt.Sprintf("+%d", add), input.ButtonOptions{Size: input.Small}).Clicked {
+				s.score += add
+				log(fmt.Sprintf("score %d", s.score))
+			}
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+func demoPulse(c *ui.Context, log func(string)) {
+	feedback.Pulse(c, feedback.PulseOptions{}, func() {
+		if input.IconButton(c, icon.Mail, "New mail", input.IconButtonOptions{}).Clicked {
+			log("mail opened")
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+func demoLevelUp(c *ui.Context, log func(string)) {
+	k := pixel.K(c)
+	s := feedbackState(c)
+	ui.Column(c).Gap(k.D(4)).Children(func() {
+		if input.Button(c, "GAIN XP", input.ButtonOptions{Size: input.Small}).Clicked {
+			s.level++
+			log(fmt.Sprintf("level %d", s.level))
+		}
+		feedback.LevelUp(c, s.level, feedback.LevelUpOptions{})
+	})
+}
+
+func demoAchievement(c *ui.Context, log func(string)) {
+	k := pixel.K(c)
+	s := feedbackState(c)
+	titles := []string{"Pressed Start", "Slime Tamer", "Touched Grass", "Read the Manual"}
+	ui.Column(c).Gap(k.D(4)).Children(func() {
+		if input.Button(c, "UNLOCK", input.ButtonOptions{Size: input.Small}).Clicked {
+			s.cue++
+			log("unlocked " + titles[s.cue%len(titles)])
+		}
+		feedback.Achievement(c, titles[s.cue%len(titles)], feedback.AchievementOptions{Cue: s.cue})
+	})
+}
+
+func demoComboCounter(c *ui.Context, log func(string)) {
+	k := pixel.K(c)
+	s := feedbackState(c)
+	ui.Column(c).Gap(k.D(4)).Children(func() {
+		ui.Row(c).Gap(k.D(4)).Children(func() {
+			if input.Button(c, "HIT", input.ButtonOptions{Size: input.Small, Variant: input.Primary}).Clicked {
+				s.combo++
+				log(fmt.Sprintf("combo %d", s.combo))
+			}
+			if input.Button(c, "MISS", input.ButtonOptions{Size: input.Small}).Clicked {
+				s.combo = 0
+				log("combo broken")
+			}
+		})
+		feedback.ComboCounter(c, s.combo, feedback.ComboCounterOptions{})
+	})
+}
+
+func demoContinuePrompt(c *ui.Context, log func(string)) {
+	k := pixel.K(c)
+	s := feedbackState(c)
+	ui.Column(c).Gap(k.D(4)).AlignItems(ui.Center).Children(func() {
+		ui.Box(c).Key(s.prompts).Children(func() {
+			r := feedback.ContinuePrompt(c, feedback.ContinuePromptOptions{})
+			switch {
+			case r.Yes:
+				log("yes: one more go")
+			case r.No:
+				log("no: thanks for playing")
+			case r.TimedOut:
+				log("time up")
+			}
+		})
+		if input.Button(c, "AGAIN", input.ButtonOptions{Size: input.Small}).Clicked {
+			s.prompts++
+			log("again")
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+func demoSaveIndicator(c *ui.Context, log func(string)) {
+	k := pixel.K(c)
+	s := feedbackState(c)
+	saving := k.Now().Before(s.saving)
+	if saving {
+		k.Tick(c, 4)
+	}
+	ui.Row(c).Gap(k.D(8)).AlignItems(ui.Center).Children(func() {
+		if input.Button(c, "SAVE", input.ButtonOptions{Size: input.Small, Disabled: saving}).Clicked {
+			s.saving = k.Now().Add(1500 * time.Millisecond)
+			log("saving")
+		}
+		feedback.SaveIndicator(c, saving, feedback.SaveIndicatorOptions{})
+	})
+}
+
+func demoBusyOverlay(c *ui.Context, log func(string)) {
+	k := pixel.K(c)
+	s := feedbackState(c)
+	busy := k.Now().Before(s.busy)
+	if busy {
+		k.Tick(c, 4)
+	}
+	feedback.BusyOverlay(c, busy, feedback.BusyOverlayOptions{}, func() {
+		ui.Column(c).Gap(k.D(4)).Padding(k.D(4)).Children(func() {
+			if input.TextInput(c, "Guild motto", &s.motto, input.TextInputOptions{Placeholder: "We came, we saved"}).Changed {
+				log("motto " + s.motto)
+			}
+			if input.Button(c, "SEND", input.ButtonOptions{Size: input.Small}).Clicked {
+				s.busy = k.Now().Add(2 * time.Second)
+				log("sending…")
+			}
+		})
+	})
+}
+
+func demoReadyGo(c *ui.Context, log func(string)) {
+	k := pixel.K(c)
+	s := feedbackState(c)
+	ui.Column(c).Gap(k.D(4)).AlignItems(ui.Center).Children(func() {
+		if input.Button(c, "START", input.ButtonOptions{Size: input.Small, Variant: input.Primary}).Clicked {
+			s.start++
+			log("ready")
+		}
+		if feedback.ReadyGo(c, feedback.ReadyGoOptions{Cue: s.start}).Done {
+			log("GO!")
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+func demoShake(c *ui.Context, log func(string)) {
+	k := pixel.K(c)
+	s := feedbackState(c)
+	ui.Column(c).Gap(k.D(4)).Children(func() {
+		feedback.Shake(c, feedback.ShakeOptions{Cue: s.shake}, func() {
+			input.PasswordInput(c, "Password", &s.secret, input.PasswordInputOptions{Placeholder: "Speak, friend"})
+		})
+		if input.Button(c, "ENTER", input.ButtonOptions{Size: input.Small}).Clicked {
+			s.shake++
+			log("wrong password")
+		}
+	})
+}
diff --git a/gallery/pages.go b/gallery/pages.go
index a7f35d9..5556fc9 100644
--- a/gallery/pages.go
+++ b/gallery/pages.go
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/egoist/mygo/ui"
 
 	"git.zacharyzhang.com/ZacharyZhang-NY/8bitMyGoUI/display"
-	"git.zacharyzhang.com/ZacharyZhang-NY/8bitMyGoUI/icon"
+	"git.zacharyzhang.com/ZacharyZhang-NY/8bitMyGoUI/feedback"
 	"git.zacharyzhang.com/ZacharyZhang-NY/8bitMyGoUI/input"
 	"git.zacharyzhang.com/ZacharyZhang-NY/8bitMyGoUI/layout"
 	"git.zacharyzhang.com/ZacharyZhang-NY/8bitMyGoUI/pixel"
@@ -187,24 +187,9 @@ func (a *App) results(c *ui.Context) {
 	})
 }
 
-// lost answers unknown paths with GAME OVER and CONTINUE.
+// lost answers unknown paths with GAME OVER.
 func (a *App) lost(c *ui.Context, path string) {
-	if GameOver(c, "No page at "+path) {
+	if feedback.ErrorState(c, "No page at "+path, feedback.ErrorStateOptions{}).Continue {
 		a.Go("/")
 	}
 }
-
-// GameOver shows why the game ended; true on CONTINUE.
-func GameOver(c *ui.Context, why string) bool {
-	k := pixel.K(c)
-	cont := false
-	ui.Column(c).Gap(k.D(8)).AlignItems(ui.Center).Padding(k.D(24)).Children(func() {
-		ui.Box(c).Size(k.D(pixel.Measure(k.Msg("game_over"))*3), k.D(48)).Draw(func(p *ui.Painter, r ui.Rect) {
-			shadow(k.Canvas(p, r), 0, 0, k.Msg("game_over"), pixel.Bad, 3)
-		})
-		pixel.Text(c, why, pixel.TextOptions{Slot: pixel.Faint, Wrap: true, MaxLines: 6}).Width(k.D(min(pixel.Measure(why), 280)))
-		display.Icon(c, icon.Skull, display.IconOptions{Scale: 3})
-		cont = input.Button(c, k.Msg("continue"), input.ButtonOptions{}).Clicked
-	})
-	return cont
-}
diff --git a/gallery/registry.go b/gallery/registry.go
index 91e3193..6fa62d9 100644
--- a/gallery/registry.go
+++ b/gallery/registry.go
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ var Categories = []Category{
 	{"tabletop", "Tabletop", "桌游", icon.Crown},
 }
 
-var entries = slices.Concat(foundationEntries, layoutEntries, textEntries, displayEntries, inputEntries, controlEntries)
+var entries = slices.Concat(foundationEntries, layoutEntries, textEntries, displayEntries, inputEntries, controlEntries, feedbackEntries)
 
 func Entries() []Entry { return entries }
 
diff --git a/input/editabletext.go b/input/editabletext.go
index 64fcd5d..229ddeb 100644
--- a/input/editabletext.go
+++ b/input/editabletext.go
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ type editable struct {
 // EditableText edits on double click or Enter; Escape reverts.
 func EditableText(c *ui.Context, text string, value *string, o EditableTextOptions) EditableTextResult {
 	k := pixel.K(c)
-	w := orDef("EditableText Width", o.Width, 120)
+	w := pixel.Or("EditableText Width", o.Width, 120)
 	box := ui.Box(c)
 	s := ui.Local(box, editableKey{}, func() editable { return editable{} })
 	res := EditableTextResult{Element: box}
diff --git a/input/fader.go b/input/fader.go
index 0d35131..4ba88a0 100644
--- a/input/fader.go
+++ b/input/fader.go
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ type FaderResult = SliderResult
 func Fader(c *ui.Context, text string, value *float64, o FaderOptions) FaderResult {
 	k := pixel.K(c)
 	lo, hi := bounds(o.Min, o.Max)
-	h := orDef("Fader Height", o.Height, 64)
+	h := pixel.Or("Fader Height", o.Height, 64)
 	shell, st, changed := slide(c, value, rail{lo: lo, hi: hi, vertical: true, label: text, disabled: o.Disabled})
 	shell.Size(k.D(16), k.D(h)).Draw(func(p *ui.Painter, r ui.Rect) {
 		g := k.Canvas(p, r)
diff --git a/input/input.go b/input/input.go
index 275f865..dc794c6 100644
--- a/input/input.go
+++ b/input/input.go
@@ -88,17 +88,6 @@ func finish(g pixel.Canvas, st pixel.State) {
 	}
 }
 
-// orDef is v, or def for zero; negative panics.
-func orDef(name string, v, def int) int {
-	if v < 0 {
-		panic(fmt.Sprintf("input: %s %d is negative", name, v))
-	}
-	if v == 0 {
-		return def
-	}
-	return v
-}
-
 // label is s, or the fallback when s is empty.
 func label(s, fallback string) string {
 	if s != "" {
diff --git a/input/multiselect.go b/input/multiselect.go
index f993d46..a2dcb1f 100644
--- a/input/multiselect.go
+++ b/input/multiselect.go
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ func MultiSelect(c *ui.Context, text string, chosen *[]string, options []string,
 		return ui.ButtonBase(c).Role(ui.RolePopUpButton).Label(text).Description(strings.Join(*chosen, ", ")).Disabled(o.Disabled)
 	})
 	open := ui.Local(base, multiKey{}, func() bool { return false })
-	if o.Disabled {
+	if o.Disabled || pixel.Current(c).Inert {
 		// Closing on disable must not return focus to it.
 		if *open {
 			c.Root().Focus()
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ func MultiSelect(c *ui.Context, text string, chosen *[]string, options []string,
 	if base.Clicked() || !*open && base.Shortcut(0, ui.KeyDown) {
 		*open = !*open
 	}
-	shell.Size(k.D(orDef("MultiSelect Width", o.Width, 160)), k.D(pixel.LineHeight+4)).Draw(func(p *ui.Painter, r ui.Rect) {
+	shell.Size(k.D(pixel.Or("MultiSelect Width", o.Width, 160)), k.D(pixel.LineHeight+4)).Draw(func(p *ui.Painter, r ui.Rect) {
 		g := k.Canvas(p, r)
 		ink, dy := face(g, Normal, st, *open)
 		if len(*chosen) == 0 {
diff --git a/input/pick_test.go b/input/pick_test.go
index 3cf4475..3346a1b 100644
--- a/input/pick_test.go
+++ b/input/pick_test.go
@@ -132,6 +132,38 @@ func TestBadOptionsPanic(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestInertClosesPopups(t *testing.T) {
+	for name, build := range map[string]func(c *ui.Context){
+		"Class": func(c *ui.Context) {
+			class := "A"
+			input.Select(c, "Class", &class, []string{"A", "B"}, input.SelectOptions{})
+		},
+		"Gear": func(c *ui.Context) {
+			var gear []string
+			input.MultiSelect(c, "Gear", &gear, []string{"B", "C"}, input.MultiSelectOptions{})
+		},
+	} {
+		inert := false
+		tt := view(400, 300, nil, func(c *ui.Context) {
+			s := pixel.Current(c)
+			s.Inert = inert
+			pixel.Scope(c, s, func() { build(c) })
+		})
+		click(t, tt, name)
+		find(t, tt, "B")
+		inert = true
+		tt.Frame()
+		if _, ok := tt.Find("B"); ok {
+			t.Fatalf("%s stayed open under Inert", name)
+		}
+		inert = false
+		tt.Frame()
+		if _, ok := tt.Find("B"); ok {
+			t.Fatalf("%s opened again after Inert", name)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 func TestMultiSelectChecksAndShowsTags(t *testing.T) {
 	var gear []string
 	changes := 0
diff --git a/input/pininput.go b/input/pininput.go
index 5dbb3c7..2b4bb67 100644
--- a/input/pininput.go
+++ b/input/pininput.go
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ const pinBox, pinGap = 12, 4
 // PinInput types digits into boxes; Backspace goes back, paste fills.
 func PinInput(c *ui.Context, text string, value *string, o PinInputOptions) PinInputResult {
 	k := pixel.K(c)
-	n := orDef("PinInput Length", o.Length, 4)
+	n := pixel.Or("PinInput Length", o.Length, 4)
 	shell, base, st := pixel.Shell(c, func() *ui.Element {
 		return ui.Box(c).Focusable().Role(ui.RoleTextField).Label(text).Description(*value).Disabled(o.Disabled)
 	})
diff --git a/input/rangeslider.go b/input/rangeslider.go
index ed8b516..4bde118 100644
--- a/input/rangeslider.go
+++ b/input/rangeslider.go
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ type RangeSliderResult = SliderResult
 func RangeSlider(c *ui.Context, text string, low, high *float64, o RangeSliderOptions) RangeSliderResult {
 	k := pixel.K(c)
 	lo, hi := bounds(o.Min, o.Max)
-	w := orDef("RangeSlider Width", o.Width, 96)
+	w := pixel.Or("RangeSlider Width", o.Width, 96)
 	was := [2]float64{*low, *high}
 	e := ui.Box(c).Size(k.D(w), k.D(12)).Role(ui.RoleGroup).Label(text)
 	e.Draw(func(p *ui.Painter, r ui.Rect) {
diff --git a/input/rating.go b/input/rating.go
index 78a1700..f9c2720 100644
--- a/input/rating.go
+++ b/input/rating.go
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ type ratingKey struct{}
 // Rating sets *value by click or arrows; reclicking clears.
 func Rating(c *ui.Context, text string, value *int, o RatingOptions) RatingResult {
 	k := pixel.K(c)
-	n := orDef("Rating Max", o.Max, 5)
+	n := pixel.Or("Rating Max", o.Max, 5)
 	full, empty := icon.Star, icon.StarEmpty
 	if o.Hearts {
 		full, empty = icon.Heart, icon.HeartEmpty
diff --git a/input/select.go b/input/select.go
index 74cd4d0..18a1b42 100644
--- a/input/select.go
+++ b/input/select.go
@@ -22,19 +22,25 @@ type SelectResult struct {
 // Select picks one option from a popup list.
 func Select(c *ui.Context, text string, value *string, options []string, o SelectOptions) SelectResult {
 	k := pixel.K(c)
+	off := o.Disabled || pixel.Current(c).Inert
 	var sel *ui.SelectParts[string]
-	shell, base, st := pixel.Shell(c, func() *ui.Element {
-		sel = ui.SelectBase(c, value)
-		return sel.Trigger.Label(text).Disabled(o.Disabled)
+	var shell, base *ui.Element
+	var st pixel.State
+	// Re-keying on each off state forgets an open popup.
+	ui.Box(c).Key(off).Children(func() {
+		shell, base, st = pixel.Shell(c, func() *ui.Element {
+			sel = ui.SelectBase(c, value)
+			return sel.Trigger.Label(text).Disabled(o.Disabled)
+		})
 	})
-	shell.Size(k.D(orDef("Select Width", o.Width, widest(options)+22)), k.D(pixel.LineHeight+4)).Draw(func(p *ui.Painter, r ui.Rect) {
+	shell.Size(k.D(pixel.Or("Select Width", o.Width, widest(options)+22)), k.D(pixel.LineHeight+4)).Draw(func(p *ui.Painter, r ui.Rect) {
 		g := k.Canvas(p, r)
-		ink, dy := face(g, Normal, st, sel.Open() && !o.Disabled)
+		ink, dy := face(g, Normal, st, sel.Open() && !off)
 		g.Text(6, 2+dy, *value, ink, 1)
 		g.Sprite(g.W-10, (g.H-tinyDown.H)/2+dy, tinyDown, 0, ink, 1)
 		finish(g, st)
 	})
-	if !o.Disabled {
+	if !off {
 		sel.Popup(func(panel *ui.Element) {
 			menu(c, panel, func() {
 				for _, opt := range options {
diff --git a/input/slider.go b/input/slider.go
index bddbf73..e232c05 100644
--- a/input/slider.go
+++ b/input/slider.go
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ type SliderResult struct {
 func Slider(c *ui.Context, text string, value *float64, o SliderOptions) SliderResult {
 	k := pixel.K(c)
 	lo, hi := bounds(o.Min, o.Max)
-	w := orDef("Slider Width", o.Width, 96)
+	w := pixel.Or("Slider Width", o.Width, 96)
 	shell, st, changed := slide(c, value, rail{lo: lo, hi: hi, label: text, disabled: o.Disabled})
 	shell.Size(k.D(w), k.D(12)).Draw(func(p *ui.Painter, r ui.Rect) {
 		g := k.Canvas(p, r)
diff --git a/input/stepper.go b/input/stepper.go
index 716679c..33f3b6a 100644
--- a/input/stepper.go
+++ b/input/stepper.go
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ func Stepper(c *ui.Context, text string, value *int, o StepperOptions) StepperRe
 		panic(fmt.Sprintf("input: Stepper range %d to %d is empty", o.Min, o.Max))
 	}
 	k := pixel.K(c)
-	step := orDef("Stepper Step", o.Step, 1)
+	step := pixel.Or("Stepper Step", o.Step, 1)
 	old := *value
 	set := func(v int) { *value = max(o.Min, min(o.Max, v)) }
 	w := max(pixel.Measure(strconv.Itoa(o.Min)), pixel.Measure(strconv.Itoa(o.Max))) + 8
diff --git a/input/stepslider.go b/input/stepslider.go
index d30121e..a36306e 100644
--- a/input/stepslider.go
+++ b/input/stepslider.go
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ func StepSlider(c *ui.Context, text string, value *float64, o StepSliderOptions)
 	if step <= 0 {
 		step = (hi - lo) / 10
 	}
-	w := orDef("StepSlider Width", o.Width, 96)
+	w := pixel.Or("StepSlider Width", o.Width, 96)
 	var res SliderResult
 	row := ui.Row(c).Gap(k.D(6)).AlignItems(ui.Center).Children(func() {
 		shell, st, changed := slide(c, value, rail{lo: lo, hi: hi, step: step, label: text, disabled: o.Disabled})
diff --git a/input/textarea.go b/input/textarea.go
index 810c187..0827b39 100644
--- a/input/textarea.go
+++ b/input/textarea.go
@@ -33,8 +33,8 @@ type TextAreaResult = TextInputResult
 // TextArea wraps lines in its own scroll, following the caret.
 func TextArea(c *ui.Context, text string, value *string, o TextAreaOptions) TextAreaResult {
 	k := pixel.K(c)
-	lines := orDef("TextArea Lines", o.Lines, 4)
-	col := ui.Column(c).Width(k.D(orDef("TextArea Width", o.Width, 160))).Gap(k.D(2))
+	lines := pixel.Or("TextArea Lines", o.Lines, 4)
+	col := ui.Column(c).Width(k.D(pixel.Or("TextArea Width", o.Width, 160))).Gap(k.D(2))
 	st := ui.Local(col, areaKey{}, func() areaState { return areaState{line: -1} })
 	if o.Disabled {
 		st.scroll.Y = st.held
diff --git a/input/textinput.go b/input/textinput.go
index 0a897bf..4d189ec 100644
--- a/input/textinput.go
+++ b/input/textinput.go
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ func TextInput(c *ui.Context, label string, value *string, o TextInputOptions) T
 func field(c *ui.Context, value *string, eo pixel.EditorOptions, width int, bad func() bool, icon *pixel.Sprite, after func()) (pixel.Edit, *ui.Element) {
 	k := pixel.K(c)
 	var ed pixel.Edit
-	e := ui.Row(c).Width(k.D(orDef("Width", width, 120))).Height(k.D(pixel.LineHeight+6)).Padding(0, k.D(4)).Gap(k.D(3)).AlignItems(ui.Center)
+	e := ui.Row(c).Width(k.D(pixel.Or("Width", width, 120))).Height(k.D(pixel.LineHeight+6)).Padding(0, k.D(4)).Gap(k.D(3)).AlignItems(ui.Center)
 	e.Children(func() {
 		if icon != nil {
 			ui.Box(c).Size(k.D(icon.W), k.D(icon.H)).Draw(func(p *ui.Painter, r ui.Rect) {
diff --git a/input/tokenfield.go b/input/tokenfield.go
index 6ea999d..a43524e 100644
--- a/input/tokenfield.go
+++ b/input/tokenfield.go
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ type editorSlot struct{}
 // TokenField shows tokens as tags; Enter or comma adds.
 func TokenField(c *ui.Context, text string, tokens *[]string, o TokenFieldOptions) TokenFieldResult {
 	k := pixel.K(c)
-	e := ui.Row(c).Wrap().Width(k.D(orDef("TokenField Width", o.Width, 200))).Padding(k.D(3), k.D(4)).Gap(k.D(3)).AlignItems(ui.Center)
+	e := ui.Row(c).Wrap().Width(k.D(pixel.Or("TokenField Width", o.Width, 200))).Padding(k.D(3), k.D(4)).Gap(k.D(3)).AlignItems(ui.Center)
 	e.Role(ui.RoleGroup).Label(text).Description(strings.Join(*tokens, ", "))
 	draft := ui.Local(e, tokenKey{}, func() string { return "" })
 	res := TokenFieldResult{Element: e}
diff --git a/internal/archtest/archtest_test.go b/internal/archtest/archtest_test.go
index 262a8f2..ef8b187 100644
--- a/internal/archtest/archtest_test.go
+++ b/internal/archtest/archtest_test.go
@@ -20,11 +20,11 @@ const module = "git.zacharyzhang.com/ZacharyZhang-NY/8bitMyGoUI/"
 var tiers = map[string]int{
 	"pixel": 0, "icon": 1,
 	"layout": 2, "text": 2, "display": 2,
-	"input": 3, "feedback": 3,
-	"navigation": 4, "data": 4, "overlay": 4, "datetime": 4, "chart": 4, "fx": 4,
-	"game": 5, "chat": 5, "media": 5, "code": 5, "account": 5, "files": 5,
-	"project": 5, "shop": 5, "agent": 5, "desk": 5, "tabletop": 5,
-	"gallery": 6, "cmd/gallery": 7, "cmd/web": 7,
+	"input": 3, "feedback": 4,
+	"navigation": 5, "data": 5, "overlay": 5, "datetime": 5, "chart": 5, "fx": 5,
+	"game": 6, "chat": 6, "media": 6, "code": 6, "account": 6, "files": 6,
+	"project": 6, "shop": 6, "agent": 6, "desk": 6, "tabletop": 6,
+	"gallery": 7, "cmd/gallery": 8, "cmd/web": 8,
 }
 
 // Styled ui widgets drawing outside the pixel style.
diff --git a/layout/appframe.go b/layout/appframe.go
index acde29e..47988d5 100644
--- a/layout/appframe.go
+++ b/layout/appframe.go
@@ -16,8 +16,8 @@ type AppFrameOptions struct {
 // AppFrame arranges header, sidebar, main and footer; nil ones vanish.
 func AppFrame(c *ui.Context, o AppFrameOptions, header, sidebar, main, footer func()) *ui.Element {
 	k := pixel.K(c)
-	sw := orDef("AppFrame SidebarWidth", o.SidebarWidth, 96)
-	fold := orDef("AppFrame FoldBelow", o.FoldBelow, 320)
+	sw := pixel.Or("AppFrame SidebarWidth", o.SidebarWidth, 96)
+	fold := pixel.Or("AppFrame FoldBelow", o.FoldBelow, 320)
 	if main == nil {
 		panic("layout: AppFrame needs main")
 	}
diff --git a/layout/aspectbox.go b/layout/aspectbox.go
index 8804a91..d9489b9 100644
--- a/layout/aspectbox.go
+++ b/layout/aspectbox.go
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ type AspectBoxOptions struct {
 // AspectBox fills the width and keeps W:H in whole dots.
 func AspectBox(c *ui.Context, o AspectBoxOptions, children func()) *ui.Element {
 	k := pixel.K(c)
-	rw, rh := orDef("AspectBox W", o.W, 1), orDef("AspectBox H", o.H, 1)
+	rw, rh := pixel.Or("AspectBox W", o.W, 1), pixel.Or("AspectBox H", o.H, 1)
 	e := ui.Box(c).FillWidth().Clip()
 	w, check := pixel.WrapWidth(c, e)
 	return e.Height(k.D(w * rh / rw)).Draw(func(p *ui.Painter, r ui.Rect) { check(r) }).Children(children)
diff --git a/layout/grid.go b/layout/grid.go
index 04e308b..b094cb0 100644
--- a/layout/grid.go
+++ b/layout/grid.go
@@ -27,9 +27,9 @@ type GridOptions struct {
 // Grid lays n cells in equal columns, lines between them.
 func Grid(c *ui.Context, n int, o GridOptions, cell func(i int)) *ui.Element {
 	k := pixel.K(c)
-	cols := orDef("Grid Columns", o.Columns, 2)
-	pad := orDef("Grid Pad", o.Pad, 4)
-	orDef("Grid n", n, 0)
+	cols := pixel.Or("Grid Columns", o.Columns, 2)
+	pad := pixel.Or("Grid Pad", o.Pad, 4)
+	pixel.Or("Grid n", n, 0)
 	if o.Lines > DottedLines {
 		panic(fmt.Sprintf("layout: unknown grid lines %d", o.Lines))
 	}
diff --git a/layout/handheld.go b/layout/handheld.go
index 21b98b5..507ff29 100644
--- a/layout/handheld.go
+++ b/layout/handheld.go
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ const bezel = 8
 // Handheld is a pocket console around screen; buttons report presses.
 func Handheld(c *ui.Context, o HandheldOptions, screen func()) HandheldResult {
 	k := pixel.K(c)
-	sw, sh := orDef("Handheld ScreenW", o.ScreenW, 160), orDef("Handheld ScreenH", o.ScreenH, 144)
+	sw, sh := pixel.Or("Handheld ScreenW", o.ScreenW, 160), pixel.Or("Handheld ScreenH", o.ScreenH, 144)
 	res := HandheldResult{}
 	res.Element = ui.Column(c).Width(k.D(sw + 2*bezel + 40)).Padding(k.D(10)).Gap(k.D(6)).AlignItems(ui.Center).Role(ui.RoleGroup).Label(o.Label).Draw(func(p *ui.Painter, r ui.Rect) {
 		g := k.Canvas(p, r)
diff --git a/layout/internal_test.go b/layout/internal_test.go
index 58467fe..89a9677 100644
--- a/layout/internal_test.go
+++ b/layout/internal_test.go
@@ -18,10 +18,10 @@ func panics(t *testing.T, name string, fn func()) {
 }
 
 func TestOrDef(t *testing.T) {
-	if orDef("x", 0, 7) != 7 || orDef("x", 3, 7) != 3 {
+	if pixel.Or("x", 0, 7) != 7 || pixel.Or("x", 3, 7) != 3 {
 		t.Fatal("orDef did not default zero or keep a value")
 	}
-	panics(t, "negative option", func() { orDef("x", -1, 7) })
+	panics(t, "negative option", func() { pixel.Or("x", -1, 7) })
 	panics(t, "unknown frame style", func() { border(pixel.FrameStyle(99)) })
 }
 
diff --git a/layout/layout.go b/layout/layout.go
index 5a792d1..23f5e5a 100644
--- a/layout/layout.go
+++ b/layout/layout.go
@@ -2,24 +2,11 @@
 package layout
 
 import (
-	"fmt"
-
 	"github.com/egoist/mygo/ui"
 
 	"git.zacharyzhang.com/ZacharyZhang-NY/8bitMyGoUI/pixel"
 )
 
-// orDef is v, or def for zero; negative panics.
-func orDef(name string, v, def int) int {
-	if v < 0 {
-		panic(fmt.Sprintf("layout: %s %d is negative", name, v))
-	}
-	if v == 0 {
-		return def
-	}
-	return v
-}
-
 // box frames the canvas unless it is too small.
 func box(g pixel.Canvas, style pixel.FrameStyle, fill pixel.Slot) {
 	if g.W >= 3 && g.H >= 3 {
diff --git a/layout/masonry.go b/layout/masonry.go
index 3dccd4e..b3d6361 100644
--- a/layout/masonry.go
+++ b/layout/masonry.go
@@ -18,8 +18,8 @@ type MasonryOptions struct {
 // Masonry puts each item into the shortest column.
 func Masonry(c *ui.Context, heights []int, o MasonryOptions, item func(i int)) *ui.Element {
 	k := pixel.K(c)
-	gap := orDef("Masonry Gap", o.Gap, 4)
-	n := orDef("Masonry Columns", o.Columns, 3)
+	gap := pixel.Or("Masonry Gap", o.Gap, 4)
+	n := pixel.Or("Masonry Columns", o.Columns, 3)
 	cols := lanes(heights, n, gap)
 	row := ui.Row(c).FillWidth().Gap(k.D(gap)).AlignItems(ui.Start)
 	w, check := pixel.WrapWidth(c, row)
diff --git a/layout/panel.go b/layout/panel.go
index b58ee1b..d4d75ba 100644
--- a/layout/panel.go
+++ b/layout/panel.go
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ func Panel(c *ui.Context, o PanelOptions, children func()) *ui.Element {
 	if fill == pixel.Ink {
 		fill = pixel.Face
 	}
-	pad := border(o.Style) + orDef("Panel Padding", o.Padding, 4)
+	pad := border(o.Style) + pixel.Or("Panel Padding", o.Padding, 4)
 	return ui.Column(c).Padding(k.D(pad)).Draw(func(p *ui.Painter, r ui.Rect) {
 		box(k.Canvas(p, r), o.Style, fill)
 	}).Children(children)
diff --git a/layout/resizable.go b/layout/resizable.go
index 1851492..12e4829 100644
--- a/layout/resizable.go
+++ b/layout/resizable.go
@@ -26,8 +26,8 @@ type ResizableResult struct {
 // Resizable is a *w×*h dot box with a ◢ grip.
 func Resizable(c *ui.Context, w, h *int, o ResizableOptions, children func()) ResizableResult {
 	k := pixel.K(c)
-	minW, minH := orDef("Resizable MinW", o.MinW, 24), orDef("Resizable MinH", o.MinH, 24)
-	maxW, maxH := orDef("Resizable MaxW", o.MaxW, 0), orDef("Resizable MaxH", o.MaxH, 0)
+	minW, minH := pixel.Or("Resizable MinW", o.MinW, 24), pixel.Or("Resizable MinH", o.MinH, 24)
+	maxW, maxH := pixel.Or("Resizable MaxW", o.MaxW, 0), pixel.Or("Resizable MaxH", o.MaxH, 0)
 	if maxW > 0 && maxW < minW || maxH > 0 && maxH < minH {
 		panic(fmt.Sprintf("layout: Resizable max %d×%d under min %d×%d", maxW, maxH, minW, minH))
 	}
diff --git a/layout/screen.go b/layout/screen.go
index 59b5992..cc92950 100644
--- a/layout/screen.go
+++ b/layout/screen.go
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ type ScreenOptions struct {
 // Screen fills the window with Back; children form a column.
 func Screen(c *ui.Context, o ScreenOptions, children func()) *ui.Element {
 	k := pixel.K(c)
-	pad := orDef("Screen Padding", o.Padding, 0)
+	pad := pixel.Or("Screen Padding", o.Padding, 0)
 	return ui.Column(c).Fill().Padding(k.D(pad)).Draw(func(p *ui.Painter, r ui.Rect) {
 		g := k.Canvas(p, r)
 		g.Rect(0, 0, g.W, g.H, pixel.Back)
diff --git a/layout/section.go b/layout/section.go
index f533169..733ed81 100644
--- a/layout/section.go
+++ b/layout/section.go
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ type SectionOptions struct {
 func Section(c *ui.Context, title string, o SectionOptions, children func()) *ui.Element {
 	k := pixel.K(c)
 	up := strings.ToUpper(title)
-	return ui.Column(c).Gap(k.D(orDef("Section Gap", o.Gap, 4))).Role(ui.RoleGroup).Label(title).Children(func() {
+	return ui.Column(c).Gap(k.D(pixel.Or("Section Gap", o.Gap, 4))).Role(ui.RoleGroup).Label(title).Children(func() {
 		ui.Box(c).FillWidth().Height(k.D(pixel.LineHeight)).Draw(func(p *ui.Painter, r ui.Rect) {
 			g := k.Canvas(p, r)
 			mid, tw := pixel.LineHeight/2, pixel.Measure(up)
diff --git a/layout/split.go b/layout/split.go
index dd168dc..d4c9910 100644
--- a/layout/split.go
+++ b/layout/split.go
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ type SplitResult struct {
 // Split shows two panes and a grip moving *size dots.
 func Split(c *ui.Context, size *int, o SplitOptions, first, second func()) SplitResult {
 	k := pixel.K(c)
-	least := orDef("Split Min", o.Min, 24)
+	least := pixel.Or("Split Min", o.Min, 24)
 	var e *ui.Element
 	var total float32
 	back, fwd := ui.KeyLeft, ui.KeyRight
diff --git a/layout/tiles.go b/layout/tiles.go
index fc23af6..1250a92 100644
--- a/layout/tiles.go
+++ b/layout/tiles.go
@@ -16,10 +16,10 @@ type TilesOptions struct {
 // Tiles wraps n equal tiles into rows.
 func Tiles(c *ui.Context, n int, o TilesOptions, tile func(i int)) *ui.Element {
 	k := pixel.K(c)
-	w := orDef("Tiles W", o.W, 48)
-	h := orDef("Tiles H", o.H, w)
-	orDef("Tiles n", n, 0)
-	return ui.Row(c).Wrap().Gap(k.D(orDef("Tiles Gap", o.Gap, 4))).Children(func() {
+	w := pixel.Or("Tiles W", o.W, 48)
+	h := pixel.Or("Tiles H", o.H, w)
+	pixel.Or("Tiles n", n, 0)
+	return ui.Row(c).Wrap().Gap(k.D(pixel.Or("Tiles Gap", o.Gap, 4))).Children(func() {
 		for i := range n {
 			ui.Box(c).Size(k.D(w), k.D(h)).Clip().Children(func() { tile(i) })
 		}
diff --git a/layout/viewport.go b/layout/viewport.go
index 2cb1ba1..5e2ab10 100644
--- a/layout/viewport.go
+++ b/layout/viewport.go
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ type ViewportOptions struct {
 // Viewport fills its parent and draws children at W×H dots.
 func Viewport(c *ui.Context, o ViewportOptions, children func()) *ui.Element {
 	k := pixel.K(c)
-	vw, vh := orDef("Viewport W", o.W, 160), orDef("Viewport H", o.H, 144)
+	vw, vh := pixel.Or("Viewport W", o.W, 160), pixel.Or("Viewport H", o.H, 144)
 	base := int(k.Dot())
 	outer := ui.Box(c).Fill()
 	was := outer.Bounds()
diff --git a/layout/window.go b/layout/window.go
index f2da23b..5ea44a9 100644
--- a/layout/window.go
+++ b/layout/window.go
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ type WindowOptions struct {
 // Window is a beveled window with an optional title tab.
 func Window(c *ui.Context, o WindowOptions, children func()) *ui.Element {
 	k := pixel.K(c)
-	pad := 3 + orDef("Window Padding", o.Padding, 6)
+	pad := 3 + pixel.Or("Window Padding", o.Padding, 6)
 	top := 0
 	e := ui.Column(c)
 	if o.Title != "" {
diff --git a/pixel/element.go b/pixel/element.go
index 7147196..936a173 100644
--- a/pixel/element.go
+++ b/pixel/element.go
@@ -92,15 +92,30 @@ type State struct{ Hover, Press, Focus, Disabled bool }
 func Shell(c *ui.Context, base func() *ui.Element) (shell, b *ui.Element, st State) {
 	shell = ui.Box(c)
 	shell.Children(func() { b = base().Fill().FocusRing(false) })
-	off := b.IsDisabled()
-	// MyGo keeps focus and keys on a newly disabled element.
-	if off && b.Focused() {
-		c.Root().Focus()
+	own, inert := b.IsDisabled(), current(c).cur.Inert
+	if inert {
+		b.Disabled(true)
 	}
-	st = State{Hover: b.Hovered(), Press: b.Pressed() && !off, Focus: b.FocusVisible(), Disabled: off}
+	off := own || inert
+	// MyGo keeps focus and keys on a newly disabled element.
+	parked := ui.Local(b, parkKey{}, func() bool { return false })
+	switch {
+	case off && b.Focused():
+		c.Root().Focus()
+		*parked = true
+	case !off && *parked:
+		// Focus comes back unless something else took it.
+		if root := c.Root(); root.Focused() || !root.FocusWithin() {
+			b.Focus()
+		}
+		*parked = false
+	}
+	st = State{Hover: b.Hovered(), Press: b.Pressed() && !off, Focus: b.FocusVisible(), Disabled: own}
 	return shell, b, st
 }
 
+type parkKey struct{}
+
 // Hand is the pointing cursor of focus and menus.
 var Hand = MustSprite(`
 	.eee......
diff --git a/pixel/messages.go b/pixel/messages.go
index 47eb388..a7a4730 100644
--- a/pixel/messages.go
+++ b/pixel/messages.go
@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@ var messages = map[Locale]map[string]string{
 		"gold": "GOLD", "silver": "SILVER", "bronze": "BRONZE",
 		"common": "COMMON", "uncommon": "UNCOMMON", "rare": "RARE", "epic": "EPIC", "legendary": "LEGENDARY",
 		"hold": "HOLD TO CONFIRM", "del": "DEL", "end": "END", "lives": "+30 LIVES!",
+		"retry": "RETRY", "stage_clear": "STAGE CLEAR!", "level_up": "LEVEL UP!", "achievement": "ACHIEVEMENT UNLOCKED",
+		"combo": "COMBO!", "saving": "SAVING", "saved": "SAVED", "go": "GO!", "wait": "PLEASE WAIT",
 	},
 	Zh: {
 		"ok": "确定", "cancel": "取消", "yes": "是", "no": "否", "close": "关闭",
@@ -24,6 +26,8 @@ var messages = map[Locale]map[string]string{
 		"gold": "金", "silver": "银", "bronze": "铜",
 		"common": "普通", "uncommon": "优秀", "rare": "稀有", "epic": "史诗", "legendary": "传说",
 		"hold": "长按确认", "del": "删", "end": "完", "lives": "命数 +30！",
+		"retry": "重试", "stage_clear": "过关！", "level_up": "升级！", "achievement": "成就解锁",
+		"combo": "连击！", "saving": "存档中", "saved": "已存档", "go": "开始！", "wait": "请稍候",
 	},
 }
 
diff --git a/pixel/settings.go b/pixel/settings.go
index 329a7ec..df0d20f 100644
--- a/pixel/settings.go
+++ b/pixel/settings.go
@@ -22,6 +22,8 @@ type Settings struct {
 	Locale Locale
 	// Now replaces the frame clock, for tests.
 	Now func() time.Time
+	// Inert controls take no input, as under a busy veil.
+	Inert bool
 }
 
 // Kit is one frame's settings, captured by components.
@@ -131,3 +133,14 @@ func theme(p *Palette) *ui.Theme {
 	t.Selection, t.Focus, t.Scrollbar, t.Radius = c[AccentLit], c[Accent], ui.Transparent, 0
 	return t
 }
+
+// Or is v, or def for zero; negatives panic.
+func Or(name string, v, def int) int {
+	if v < 0 {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("pixel: %s %d is negative", name, v))
+	}
+	if v == 0 {
+		return def
+	}
+	return v
+}
diff --git a/text/blinktext.go b/text/blinktext.go
index 53a19ba..d4561d4 100644
--- a/text/blinktext.go
+++ b/text/blinktext.go
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ type BlinkTextOptions struct {
 // BlinkText blinks; under Reduce Motion it stays shown.
 func BlinkText(c *ui.Context, s string, o BlinkTextOptions) *ui.Element {
 	k, sc := pixel.K(c), scale(o.Scale)
-	fps := orDef("BlinkText FPS", o.FPS, 2)
+	fps := pixel.Or("BlinkText FPS", o.FPS, 2)
 	return block(c, k, s, pixel.Measure(s)*sc, pixel.LineHeight*sc, func(g pixel.Canvas) {
 		if g.Step(fps)%2 == 0 {
 			g.Text(0, 0, s, o.Slot, sc)
diff --git a/text/heading.go b/text/heading.go
index fdeaba4..01260cb 100644
--- a/text/heading.go
+++ b/text/heading.go
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ type HeadingOptions struct {
 
 // Heading is a title with a 1-dot Shade shadow.
 func Heading(c *ui.Context, s string, o HeadingOptions) *ui.Element {
-	level := orDef("Heading Level", o.Level, 1)
+	level := pixel.Or("Heading Level", o.Level, 1)
 	if level > 3 {
 		panic(fmt.Sprintf("text: Heading Level %d outside 1–3", level))
 	}
diff --git a/text/marquee.go b/text/marquee.go
index f02df97..b06c8e0 100644
--- a/text/marquee.go
+++ b/text/marquee.go
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ type marqueeState struct{ offset, last int }
 // Marquee scrolls s a dot a step; hover pauses it.
 func Marquee(c *ui.Context, s string, o MarqueeOptions) *ui.Element {
 	k := pixel.K(c)
-	w := orDef("Marquee Width", o.Width, 120)
+	w := pixel.Or("Marquee Width", o.Width, 120)
 	e := ui.Box(c).Size(k.D(w), k.D(pixel.LineHeight)).Clip().Label(s).Role(ui.RoleText)
 	ms := ui.Local(e, marqueeKey{}, func() marqueeState { return marqueeState{last: -1} })
 	if k.Reduce() || e.Hovered() {
diff --git a/text/odometer.go b/text/odometer.go
index f89c065..18c41bc 100644
--- a/text/odometer.go
+++ b/text/odometer.go
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ func Odometer(c *ui.Context, value int, o OdometerOptions) *ui.Element {
 		panic(fmt.Sprintf("text: Odometer value %d is negative", value))
 	}
 	k := pixel.K(c)
-	digits := orDef("Odometer Digits", o.Digits, len(strconv.Itoa(value)))
+	digits := pixel.Or("Odometer Digits", o.Digits, len(strconv.Itoa(value)))
 	if value >= int(math.Pow10(digits)) {
 		panic(fmt.Sprintf("text: Odometer value %d needs more than %d digits", value, digits))
 	}
diff --git a/text/paragraph.go b/text/paragraph.go
index cc0d4c5..a1405b3 100644
--- a/text/paragraph.go
+++ b/text/paragraph.go
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ type ParagraphOptions struct {
 // Paragraph wraps s at the width it had last frame.
 func Paragraph(c *ui.Context, s string, o ParagraphOptions) *ui.Element {
 	k := pixel.K(c)
-	gap := orDef("Paragraph Gap", o.Gap, 0)
+	gap := pixel.Or("Paragraph Gap", o.Gap, 0)
 	if o.Align > Right {
 		panic(fmt.Sprintf("text: unknown Align %d", o.Align))
 	}
diff --git a/text/scrambletext.go b/text/scrambletext.go
index 15b3a68..1e251e5 100644
--- a/text/scrambletext.go
+++ b/text/scrambletext.go
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ type scrambleState struct {
 // ScrambleText settles from random glyphs to s, left to right.
 func ScrambleText(c *ui.Context, s string, o ScrambleTextOptions) *ui.Element {
 	k, sc := pixel.K(c), scale(o.Scale)
-	fps := orDef("ScrambleText FPS", o.FPS, 30)
+	fps := pixel.Or("ScrambleText FPS", o.FPS, 30)
 	rs := []rune(s)
 	e := ui.Box(c).Size(k.D(pixel.Measure(s)*sc), k.D(pixel.LineHeight*sc)).Label(s).Role(ui.RoleText)
 	st := ui.Local(e, scrambleKey{}, func() scrambleState { return scrambleState{start: -1} })
diff --git a/text/text.go b/text/text.go
index dc5f796..112142d 100644
--- a/text/text.go
+++ b/text/text.go
@@ -16,20 +16,9 @@ func block(c *ui.Context, k pixel.Kit, s string, w, h int, fn func(g pixel.Canva
 	})
 }
 
-// orDef is v, or def for zero; negative panics.
-func orDef(name string, v, def int) int {
-	if v < 0 {
-		panic(fmt.Sprintf("text: %s %d is negative", name, v))
-	}
-	if v == 0 {
-		return def
-	}
-	return v
-}
-
 // scale is s, or 1 for zero; outside 1–4 panics.
 func scale(s int) int {
-	s = orDef("Scale", s, 1)
+	s = pixel.Or("Scale", s, 1)
 	if s > 4 {
 		panic(fmt.Sprintf("text: Scale %d outside 1–4", s))
 	}
diff --git a/text/typewriter.go b/text/typewriter.go
index 7481789..a4315ba 100644
--- a/text/typewriter.go
+++ b/text/typewriter.go
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ type typeState struct {
 // Typewriter reveals s; a click or Enter shows the rest.
 func Typewriter(c *ui.Context, s string, o TypewriterOptions) TypewriterResult {
 	k := pixel.K(c)
-	cps := orDef("Typewriter CPS", o.CPS, 20)
+	cps := pixel.Or("Typewriter CPS", o.CPS, 20)
 	shell, base, st := pixel.Shell(c, func() *ui.Element {
 		e := ui.Box(c).Role(ui.RoleText).Label(s).Disabled(o.Disabled)
 		if !o.Disabled {
diff --git a/text/wavetext.go b/text/wavetext.go
index 79bfc21..f6f78f2 100644
--- a/text/wavetext.go
+++ b/text/wavetext.go
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ type WaveTextOptions struct {
 // WaveText bobs characters on a sine wave at 10 fps.
 func WaveText(c *ui.Context, s string, o WaveTextOptions) *ui.Element {
 	k, sc := pixel.K(c), scale(o.Scale)
-	amp := orDef("WaveText Amp", o.Amp, 2)
+	amp := pixel.Or("WaveText Amp", o.Amp, 2)
 	return block(c, k, s, pixel.Measure(s)*sc, pixel.LineHeight*sc+2*amp, func(g pixel.Canvas) {
 		step := g.Step(10)
 		each(s, sc, func(i int, r rune, x int) {
diff --git a/web/deploy.sh b/web/deploy.sh
index 55ff6e8..138648f 100755
--- a/web/deploy.sh
+++ b/web/deploy.sh
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 #!/bin/sh
-# Ships files first, then the page: no build misses a file.
+# Ships files first, then the page, so none goes missing.
 set -eu
 cd "$(dirname "$0")"
 site=https://8bitmygoui.zhangyanghaha0407.workers.dev
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ old=$(sed -n 's#.*src="\(a/main\.[0-9a-f]*\.js\)".*#\1#p' "$stage/index.html")
 wasm=$(sed -n "s#.*fetch('\\(a/app\\.[0-9a-f]*\\.wasm\\)').*#\\1#p" "dist/$old")
 curl -fs --max-time 300 "$site/$wasm" -o "dist/$wasm"
 cp -R dist/a dist/_headers "$stage/"
-# Step one: the live page, with the new files beside it.
+# Step one: the live page beside the new files.
 upload "$stage" "$rev files"
 npx wrangler versions deploy "$id@100%" --yes --message "$rev files"
 patient curl -fs -o /dev/null "$site/$main"
diff --git a/web/tests/smoke.spec.js b/web/tests/smoke.spec.js
index c69bf61..4452933 100644
--- a/web/tests/smoke.spec.js
+++ b/web/tests/smoke.spec.js
@@ -224,12 +224,12 @@ test('resize keeps whole pixels per dot', async ({ page }) => {
   expect(Number.isInteger(s.zoom)).toBe(true)
 })
 
-test('a Go panic shows GAME OVER in pixels; CONTINUE reloads', async ({ page }) => {
+test('a Go panic shows GAME OVER in pixels; RETRY reloads', async ({ page }) => {
   await open(page, '#/f/icons')
   await page.evaluate(() => window.__8bitGo.pointer('bogus', 0, 0))
   expect(await texts(page)).toContain('web: unknown pointer kind bogus')
   await expect(page.locator('#over')).toBeHidden()
-  await click(page, 'CONTINUE?')
+  await click(page, 'RETRY')
   await page.waitForFunction(() => window.__8bit?.ready && window.__8bit.page() === '/f/icons')
   expect(await texts(page)).toContain('COPY CODE')
 })