Kigi-CLI/crates/codegen/kigi-markdown/fuzz/seeds/render_all/bench.md

🚀 Architecture Overview — kigi-tui Rendering Engine

The kigi-tui rendering engine is built on a layered pipeline that transforms raw markdown into terminal-ready cells. This document covers every major subsystem — from markdown parsing through syntax highlighting, word wrapping, block layout, viewport clipping, and final buffer composition. Understanding these layers is critical for anyone profiling or optimising the renderer.

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📐 The Rendering Pipeline

Every frame follows the same sequence of stages. Content flows downward through transforms, each adding structure:

1. Markdown parsing — StreamingMarkdownRenderer converts source text into a tree of styled Line<'static> spans. Code fences trigger syntect highlighting.
2. Word wrapping — word_wrap_lines_with_joiners() breaks logical lines into physical rows that fit the viewport width, tracking joiners (continuation markers like ↳) for copy/paste fidelity.
3. Block output — BlockContent::output() packages wrapped lines into a BlockOutput with per-line metadata: background colour, joiner strings, and optional decorations.
4. Entry rendering — EntryRenderer composes the accent column (┃), left/right padding, and block content into a horizontal strip. Vertical padding (vpad) adds breathing room above and below.
5. Viewport clipping — render_scrolled_entries_with_scratch() walks the entry list, skips off-screen entries, and uses a ScratchBuffer to render partially-visible entries into a temp buffer before copying the visible slice.
6. Buffer diff — ratatui's Terminal::flush() diffs the old and new Buffer and emits only changed cells as escape sequences. This is O(changed cells), not O(total cells).

💡 Key insight: steps 1–3 are cached across frames. Only step 4–5 run every frame. Profiling should focus there.

Performance characteristics

Stage	Complexity	Cached?	Hot path?
Markdown parse	O(n) in source length	✅ Yes, per-generation	❌ No
Syntax highlight	O(n) with syntect DFA	✅ Yes, per-generation	❌ No
Word wrap	O(lines × width)	✅ Yes, (width, gen) key	❌ No
BlockContent::output()	O(wrapped_lines)	✅ Via WrapCache	⚠️ First call only
EntryRenderer::render()	O(height × width) cell writes	❌ No	✅ Yes
Scratch buffer copy	O(visible_rows × width) clones	❌ No	✅ Yes
Buffer diff + flush	O(changed_cells)	N/A	✅ Yes

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🧱 Block Types and Their Render Cost

Each RenderBlock variant has different rendering characteristics. Here's a breakdown of the major block types with their typical content patterns and associated costs:

AgentMessageBlock — the heaviest hitter 🔥

Agent messages contain arbitrary markdown: paragraphs, code blocks, tables, lists, inline formatting. A single agent response can easily exceed 200 wrapped lines. The MarkdownContent subsystem does the heavy lifting:

• StreamingMarkdownRenderer::push_and_render() incrementally parses and highlights
• word_wrap_lines_with_joiners() handles Unicode-aware line breaking with unicode-width
• Wide characters (CJK, emoji) consume 2 columns: '🦀'.width() == 2, 'λ'.width() == 1

/// The core markdown-to-lines pipeline.
///
/// This function is called on every content mutation (push_chunk, finish)
/// and produces the canonical `Vec<Line<'static>>` that gets cached.
pub fn render_markdown(source: &str, pretty: bool) -> Vec<Line<'static>> {
    let mut renderer = StreamingMarkdownRenderer::new(MD_STYLE, pretty);
    renderer.push(source);
    renderer.render(Some(get_syntect()));
    renderer.view().lines.to_vec()
}

/// Word-wrap with joiner tracking for copy fidelity.
///
/// Each output line knows whether it's a continuation of the previous
/// logical line (joiner = Some("↳")) or a fresh line (joiner = None).
/// This matters for selection/copy: we strip joiners when copying.
pub fn word_wrap_lines_with_joiners(
    lines: Vec<Line<'static>>,
    max_width: usize,
) -> (Vec<Line<'static>>, Vec<Option<String>>) {
    let mut wrapped = Vec::with_capacity(lines.len() * 2);
    let mut joiners = Vec::with_capacity(lines.len() * 2);
    for line in lines {
        let line_width = line.width();
        if line_width <= max_width {
            wrapped.push(line);
            joiners.push(None);
        } else {
            // Split at grapheme cluster boundaries respecting unicode width.
            // This is the expensive path — O(spans × chars) per line.
            let parts = split_line_at_width(&line, max_width);
            for (i, part) in parts.into_iter().enumerate() {
                wrapped.push(part);
                joiners.push(if i > 0 { Some("↳".into()) } else { None });
            }
        }
    }
    (wrapped, joiners)
}

ThinkingBlock — truncated by default

Thinking blocks render identically to agent messages but default to DisplayMode::Truncated (3 visible lines + ⋯ N more lines). When expanded, they're as expensive as agent messages. The truncation logic runs after wrapping, so the full wrap cost is paid even when collapsed — a potential optimisation target.

ToolCallBlock variants

Variant	Collapsed height	Expanded cost	Notes
Execute	1 line (command summary)	O(output_lines)	Bash output can be huge
Read	1 line (path + line count)	O(file_lines)	Syntax-highlighted file content
Edit	1 line (path + edit count)	O(diff_lines)	Diff hunks with +/- colouring
ListDir	1 line (path)	O(entries)	Directory tree listing
Search	1 line (pattern + count)	O(matches)	Grep results with context
Other	1 line (tool name)	O(output)	Generic tool output

UserPromptBlock — lightweight ✨

User prompts are short (1–5 lines typically), render with a ┃ accent in accent_user colour, and are never foldable. They're the cheapest block to render.

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🎨 The Accent Column and Colour Blending

The leftmost column of every entry shows a vertical accent bar ┃. This serves as a visual type indicator:

• User prompts: accent_user (Tokyo Night blue, #7aa2f7)
• Tool calls: accent_tool / accent_success / accent_error
• Thinking: accent_thinking (purple, #bb9af7)
• Running blocks: animated wave effect 🌊

The animation uses blend_color(bg, fg, brightness) per-row per-frame:

/// Compute wave brightness for a single row at a given tick.
///
/// Returns a value in [0.2, 1.0] — never fully invisible.
/// The wave travels downward at WAVE_SPEED radians per tick.
pub fn wave_brightness(tick: u64, row: u16, wave_rows: u16, speed: f32) -> f32 {
    let phase = (tick as f32 * speed) - (row as f32 * std::f32::consts::PI / wave_rows as f32);
    let raw = (phase.sin() + 1.0) / 2.0; // normalize to [0, 1]
    0.2 + raw * 0.8 // scale to [0.2, 1.0]
}

/// Linearly blend two RGB colours.
///
/// `opacity = 0.0` → pure `base`; `opacity = 1.0` → pure `color`.
/// Returns `None` if either colour isn't RGB (indexed colours can't blend).
pub fn blend_color(base: Color, color: Color, opacity: f32) -> Option<Color> {
    match (base, color) {
        (Color::Rgb(br, bg, bb), Color::Rgb(cr, cg, cb)) => {
            let r = br as f32 + (cr as f32 - br as f32) * opacity;
            let g = bg as f32 + (cg as f32 - bg as f32) * opacity;
            let b = bb as f32 + (cb as f32 - bb as f32) * opacity;
            Some(Color::Rgb(r as u8, g as u8, b as u8))
        }
        _ => None,
    }
}

---

📦 The ScratchBuffer and Partial Rendering

When an entry is partially visible (clipped at top or bottom of the viewport), we can't render directly into the output buffer — we'd write cells outside the visible area. Instead:

1. Resize a reusable ScratchBuffer to the entry's full height
2. Render the complete entry into scratch
3. Copy only the visible rows (skip_rows..skip_rows + visible_height) into the output

This is the cell-by-cell copy loop — one of the hottest paths:

for dy in 0..visible_rows {
    let src_y = skip_rows + dy;
    let dst_y = dest_area.y + dy;
    for dx in 0..dest_area.width {
        if let Some(src_cell) = temp_buf.cell((dx, src_y))
            && let Some(dst_cell) = buf.cell_mut((dest_area.x + dx, dst_y))
        {
            dst_cell.clone_from(src_cell);
        }
    }
}

🔬 Optimisation opportunity: Cell::clone_from copies symbol: String (24 bytes on stack + possible heap), fg, bg, underline_color, modifier, skip. A memcpy-based bulk row copy could be significantly faster for wide terminals. At width=200, that's 200 clone_from calls per visible row per frame — potentially 6000 calls for a 30-row viewport with top+bottom clipping.

---

🔤 Unicode Width Challenges

Terminal rendering must account for variable-width characters. The unicode-width crate provides UnicodeWidthChar::width() and UnicodeWidthStr::width():

Character	Example	width()	Notes
ASCII	A, z, !	1	Basic Latin
CJK Unified	漢, 字, 中	2	Chinese/Japanese/Korean ideographs
Fullwidth forms	Ａ, Ｂ, １	2	Fullwidth ASCII variants
Emoji	🦀, 🚀, 🎨	2	Most emoji are wide
Combining marks	é (e + ◌́)	1	Combining char has width 0
Zero-width	ZWJ, ZWNJ	0	Used in emoji sequences like 👨‍👩‍👧‍👦
Tab	\t	—	Not handled by unicode-width; we expand to spaces

The word wrapper must never split a wide character across the column boundary. If a 2-cell-wide char would start at column width - 1, we must wrap it to the next line and pad the current line with a space.

Here's a stress test: 漢字テスト🦀🚀🎨 contains 5 double-width CJK chars (10 columns) plus 3 double-width emoji (6 columns) = 16 columns total. At width = 10, this wraps to 2 lines. At width = 7, it wraps to 3 lines with padding cells.

---

📊 Inline Code and Syntax Highlighting Deep Dive

Inline code uses backtick syntax: HashMap<String, Vec<u8>>, Option<&'a mut T>, impl Fn(usize) -> bool. Each inline code span gets a distinct background colour (bg_code) to visually separate it from prose. The renderer must:

1. Parse the backtick delimiter (single ` or double ``)
2. Extract the code content
3. Apply Style::default().bg(theme.bg_code).fg(theme.fg_code)
4. Handle nested formatting — e.g., **bold code bold** where code is inside bold

Fenced code blocks trigger full syntect highlighting. The highlighting pipeline:

1. Look up the SyntaxReference by language identifier (rust, python, typescript, etc.)
2. Create a HighlightLines with the Tokyo Night theme
3. Iterate source lines, calling highlight_line() to get Vec<(syntect::Style, &str)>
4. Convert syntect styles to ratatui Span styles (mapping RGB colours)
5. Each line gets Style::default().bg(theme.bg_dark) as a block background

The syntect state machine is line-stateful — each line's highlighting depends on the parse state at the end of the previous line. This means we can't parallelise highlighting within a single code block, but we can cache the result.

---

🧪 Testing Patterns

The scrollback rendering has comprehensive snapshot tests using insta. Here's the typical pattern:

# This is a Python code block to exercise a different syntax highlighter.
# The renderer must detect the language and switch syntect grammars.

import asyncio
from dataclasses import dataclass, field
from typing import Optional, Dict, List, Tuple

@dataclass
class TrainingConfig:
    """Configuration for a distributed training run. 🔧"""
    model_name: str
    batch_size: int = 32
    learning_rate: float = 3e-4
    max_epochs: int = 100
    gradient_accumulation_steps: int = 1
    warmup_ratio: float = 0.1
    weight_decay: float = 0.01
    devices: List[str] = field(default_factory=lambda: ["cuda:0"])
    mixed_precision: bool = True
    compile_model: bool = False  # torch.compile — can 2× throughput
    checkpoint_dir: Optional[str] = None

    @property
    def effective_batch_size(self) -> int:
        return self.batch_size * self.gradient_accumulation_steps * len(self.devices)

    def validate(self) -> None:
        assert self.batch_size > 0, f"batch_size must be positive, got {self.batch_size}"
        assert 0 < self.learning_rate < 1, f"learning_rate out of range: {self.learning_rate}"
        assert self.max_epochs > 0, f"max_epochs must be positive, got {self.max_epochs}"
        for device in self.devices:
            assert device.startswith(("cuda", "cpu")), f"unknown device: {device}"


async def train_epoch(
    model,
    dataloader,
    optimizer,
    scheduler,
    config: TrainingConfig,
    epoch: int,
) -> Dict[str, float]:
    """Run a single training epoch. Returns metrics dict. 📈"""
    model.train()
    total_loss = 0.0
    num_batches = 0

    for batch_idx, batch in enumerate(dataloader):
        # Forward pass — compute loss on this micro-batch
        outputs = model(**batch)
        loss = outputs.loss / config.gradient_accumulation_steps
        loss.backward()

        if (batch_idx + 1) % config.gradient_accumulation_steps == 0:
            optimizer.step()
            scheduler.step()
            optimizer.zero_grad()

        total_loss += loss.item() * config.gradient_accumulation_steps
        num_batches += 1

    avg_loss = total_loss / max(num_batches, 1)
    return {"epoch": epoch, "avg_loss": avg_loss, "num_batches": num_batches}

---

⚡ Benchmarking Strategy

To measure render performance, we need to isolate the per-frame cost from one-time setup:

• Setup (not measured): Parse markdown, create ScrollbackEntry, compute initial wrap cache
• Measured: For each scroll offset 0..total_height, render into a Buffer of size width × viewport_height

This simulates a user holding down j (scroll down) and measures the worst case — every frame re-renders the viewport at a new scroll position, exercising:

• EntryRenderer::render() — accent, padding, content layout
• BlockRenderer::render() — vpad, content lines, background fills
• Partial rendering via ScratchBuffer — for clipped entries at top/bottom
• Cell-by-cell copy — the innermost hot loop

Expected results

On a modern machine (M2 Pro), we expect:

• ~50–200 µs/frame for a 120×30 viewport with a 200-line markdown document
• ~80% of time in EntryRenderer::render() + scratch buffer copy
• ~15% of time in BlockContent::output() (cache hit path — just iterating cached lines)
• ~5% of time in layout computation (HorizontalLayout, EntryLayout, gap math)

If the benchmark shows >500 µs/frame, there's likely an unexpected cache miss or allocation in the hot path. Use cargo bench -- --profile-time 10 with flamegraph to identify the culprit.

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🌐 Miscellaneous Wide Characters and Edge Cases

Here are some strings that exercise interesting rendering edge cases:

• Emoji sequences: 👨‍👩‍👧‍👦 (family ZWJ sequence, should be width 2 but terminal support varies)
• Flags: 🇺🇸 🇯🇵 🇩🇪 (regional indicator pairs)
• Fullwidth: ＡＢＣＤＥ (each char is 2 columns wide)
• Combining: naïve vs naïve (precomposed U+00EF vs combining U+0308)
• Box drawing: ┌─────────┐│ content │└─────────┘ (all width 1)
• Mathematical: ∀x ∈ ℝ : x² ≥ 0, ∑_{i=0}^{n} aᵢ = S, ∫₀^∞ e^{-x} dx = 1
• CJK mixed: これはテストです — this is a test — 這是測試 — 이것은 시험이다
• RTL markers: Hello ‮dlrow‬! (contains RLO/PDF override characters)

The renderer must handle all of these without panicking or producing garbled output. The word wrapper is the critical component — it must correctly account for each character's display width when deciding where to break lines.

⚠️ Warning: Some terminals render emoji sequences incorrectly (showing them as 1-wide or as multiple glyphs). Our renderer uses unicode-width which reports the Unicode standard width, not the terminal's actual rendering width. This is a known source of misalignment — there is no perfect solution without querying the terminal.

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Generated for benchmarking purposes. Total: ~230 lines of rich markdown content with multiple code blocks, tables, inline code, emoji, wide Unicode characters, and varied formatting.