#!/bin/bash set -euo pipefail source "$(cd -- "$(dirname -- "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")" && pwd)/base-test.sh" scratch=$(mktemp -d) trap 'rm -rf "$scratch"' EXIT stub_bin="$scratch/bin" home="$scratch/home" rules="$scratch/etc/usbguard/rules.conf" daemon_config="$scratch/etc/usbguard/usbguard-daemon.conf" calls="$scratch/calls" mkdir -p "$stub_bin" "$home" "${rules%/*}" : >"$rules" : >"$calls" cat >"$daemon_config" <<'CONF' ImplicitPolicyTarget=block PresentDevicePolicy=apply-policy InsertedDevicePolicy=apply-policy AuthorizedDefault=none RestoreControllerDeviceState=false CONF cat >"$stub_bin/omarchy-pkg-missing" <<'STUB' #!/bin/bash exit 0 STUB cat >"$stub_bin/omarchy-pkg-present" <<'STUB' #!/bin/bash exit 0 STUB cat >"$stub_bin/omarchy-pkg-add" <<'STUB' #!/bin/bash printf 'pkg-add <%s>\n' "$*" >>"$CALLS" STUB cat >"$stub_bin/omarchy-pkg-drop" <<'STUB' #!/bin/bash printf 'pkg-drop <%s>\n' "$*" >>"$CALLS" STUB cat >"$stub_bin/install" <<'STUB' #!/bin/bash if [[ $1 == -Dm600 && $2 == -o && $3 == root && $4 == -g && $5 == root ]]; then exec /usr/bin/install -Dm600 "$6" "$7" fi exec /usr/bin/install "$@" STUB cat >"$stub_bin/systemctl" <<'STUB' #!/bin/bash printf 'systemctl <%s>\n' "$*" >>"$CALLS" if [[ $* == "is-enabled --quiet usbguard.service" ]]; then exit 1 fi STUB cat >"$stub_bin/usbguard" <<'STUB' #!/bin/bash case "$1" in generate-policy) echo 'usbguard ' >>"$CALLS" echo 'allow id 1d6b:0002 name "Linux Foundation root hub" hash "root"' ;; list-devices) if [[ ${2:-} == "--blocked" ]]; then if [[ ${BLOCKED_DEVICE_PRESENT:-1} == 1 ]]; then rule="${BLOCKED_DEVICE_RULE:?}" if [[ -n ${BLOCKED_DEVICE_RULE_FILE:-} && -f $BLOCKED_DEVICE_RULE_FILE ]]; then rule=$(<"$BLOCKED_DEVICE_RULE_FILE") fi printf '17: %s\n' "$rule" fi else echo '4: allow id 1d6b:0002 name "Linux Foundation root hub" hash "root"' echo '5: allow id 0627:0001 name "QEMU USB Tablet" hash "tablet"' fi ;; *) printf 'usbguard' >>"$CALLS" printf ' <%s>' "$@" >>"$CALLS" printf '\n' >>"$CALLS" ;; esac STUB cat >"$stub_bin/sudo" <<'STUB' #!/bin/bash printf 'sudo' >>"$CALLS" printf ' <%s>' "$@" >>"$CALLS" printf '\n' >>"$CALLS" if [[ $1 == awk && ${!#} == /etc/usbguard/usbguard-daemon.conf ]]; then args=("$@") args[-1]="$TEST_DAEMON_CONFIG" exec "${args[@]}" elif [[ $1 == test && $2 == -s && $3 == /etc/usbguard/rules.conf ]]; then exec /usr/bin/test -s "$TEST_RULES" elif [[ $1 == install && $2 == -Dm600 && $3 == -o && $4 == root && $5 == -g && $6 == root && $8 == /etc/usbguard/rules.conf ]]; then exec /usr/bin/install -Dm600 "$7" "$TEST_RULES" elif [[ $1 == omarchy-usb-authorization-restore-default ]]; then echo 1 >"$TEST_SYSFS/usb1/authorized_default" echo 1 >"$TEST_SYSFS/1-2/authorized" exit 0 elif [[ $1 == omarchy-usb-authorization-boot ]]; then exit 0 fi exec "$@" STUB cat >"$stub_bin/gum" <<'STUB' #!/bin/bash case "$1" in style) exit 0 ;; choose) if [[ -n ${GUM_REASSIGN_RULE:-} ]]; then printf '%s\n' "$GUM_REASSIGN_RULE" >"$BLOCKED_DEVICE_RULE_FILE" fi printf '%s\n' "${GUM_CHOICE:-Keep blocked}" ;; confirm) exit 0 ;; esac STUB cat >"$stub_bin/omarchy-notification-send" <<'STUB' #!/bin/bash printf 'notification' >>"$CALLS" printf ' <%s>' "$@" >>"$CALLS" printf '\n' >>"$CALLS" exit "${NOTIFICATION_FAIL:-0}" STUB chmod +x "$stub_bin"/* export HOME="$home" export USER=tester export OMARCHY_PATH="$ROOT" export CALLS="$calls" export PATH="$stub_bin:$ROOT/bin:$PATH" export TEST_DAEMON_CONFIG="$daemon_config" export TEST_RULES="$rules" if "$ROOT/bin/omarchy-usb-authorization-restore-default" >/dev/null 2>&1; then fail "the fixed-path USB authorization restore helper requires root" fi if "$ROOT/bin/omarchy-usb-authorization-boot" enable >/dev/null 2>&1; then fail "the fixed-path boot authorization helper requires root" fi ! grep -q 'OMARCHY_USB_AUTHORIZATION_.*ROOT\|OMARCHY_USB_AUTHORIZATION_.*FILE\|OMARCHY_USB_AUTHORIZATION_.*CONFIG' \ "$ROOT/bin/omarchy-setup-security-usb-authorization" \ "$ROOT/bin/omarchy-remove-security-usb-authorization" \ "$ROOT/bin/omarchy-usb-authorization-boot" || fail "user-facing USB authorization commands do not elevate caller-selected paths" pass "USB authorization keeps privileged paths fixed" "$ROOT/bin/omarchy-setup-security-usb-authorization" --yes >"$scratch/setup-output" grep -qx 'allow id 1d6b:0002 name "Linux Foundation root hub" hash "root"' "$rules" || fail "USB authorization setup trusts devices present during enrollment" [[ $(stat -c %a "$rules") == 600 ]] || fail "USB authorization policy is root-private" grep -Fqx 'usbguard <--devices=list,listen,modify> <--policy=list> <--exceptions=listen>' "$calls" || fail "USB authorization grants only the IPC access needed by the approval flow" grep -Fqx 'systemctl ' "$calls" || fail "USB authorization reloads its user ACL before the watcher starts" [[ -L $home/.config/systemd/user/omarchy-usb-authorization.service ]] || fail "USB authorization installs the graphical-session watcher" grep -Fqx 'pkg-add ' "$calls" || fail "USB authorization ensures USBGuard is installed" pass "USB authorization enrolls present devices before enabling default-deny" generate_count=$(grep -c '^usbguard $' "$calls") "$ROOT/bin/omarchy-setup-security-usb-authorization" --yes >"$scratch/setup-existing-output" generate_count_after=$(grep -c '^usbguard $' "$calls") (( generate_count_after == generate_count )) || fail "re-enabling preserves the existing trusted-device policy" pass "USB authorization setup preserves an existing policy" : >"$calls" "$ROOT/bin/omarchy-setup-security-usb-authorization" --boot --yes >"$scratch/setup-boot-output" grep -Fqx 'usbguard <--permanent> <4>' "$calls" || fail "boot authorization trusts the connected root controller" grep -Fqx 'usbguard <--permanent> <5>' "$calls" || fail "boot authorization trusts the connected USB devices" grep -Fqx 'sudo ' "$calls" || fail "boot authorization uses the fixed-path boot-image helper" grep -Fq 'takes effect after reboot' "$scratch/setup-boot-output" || fail "boot authorization explains when the change becomes active" pass "USB authorization can snapshot connected devices for early-boot denial" boot_conf="$scratch/limine.conf" machine_id=$("$scratch/embedded-cmdline" historical_uki="$scratch/embedded.efi_sha256_fixture" objcopy -I binary -O pei-x86-64 -B i386:x86-64 "$scratch/embedded-cmdline" "$historical_uki" objcopy --rename-section .data=.cmdline,alloc,load,readonly,data,contents "$historical_uki" embedded_hash=$(b2sum "$historical_uki") embedded_hash=${embedded_hash%% *} cat >"$boot_conf" </dev/null; then fail "boot authorization rejects Limine's false-success status when entries were not rebuilt" fi usb_authorization_rewrite_boot_cmdlines enabled "$boot_conf" "$machine_id" usb_authorization_rebuild_and_verify enabled "$boot_conf" "$scratch" "$machine_id" disabled || fail "a non-Secure-Boot snapshot uses its updated external command line" if usb_authorization_rebuild_and_verify enabled "$boot_conf" "$scratch" "$machine_id" enabled 2>/dev/null; then fail "an external allow parameter cannot hide a stale embedded UKI command line" fi printf 'quiet splash usbcore.authorized_default=0\0' >"$scratch/embedded-cmdline" objcopy -I binary -O pei-x86-64 -B i386:x86-64 "$scratch/embedded-cmdline" "$historical_uki" objcopy --rename-section .data=.cmdline,alloc,load,readonly,data,contents "$historical_uki" updated_embedded_hash=$(b2sum "$historical_uki") updated_embedded_hash=${updated_embedded_hash%% *} sed -i "s/embedded.efi_sha256_fixture#$embedded_hash/embedded.efi_sha256_fixture#$updated_embedded_hash/" "$boot_conf" usb_authorization_rebuild_and_verify enabled "$boot_conf" "$scratch" "$machine_id" enabled || fail "boot authorization updates current and snapshot entries for this machine" [[ $(grep -c 'usbcore.authorized_default=0' "$boot_conf") == 3 ]] || fail "boot authorization leaves another operating system's kernel entries unchanged" printf 'stale image' >"$scratch/vmlinuz-linux" if usb_authorization_rebuild_and_verify enabled "$boot_conf" "$scratch" "$machine_id" enabled 2>/dev/null; then fail "boot authorization rejects a stale Limine verification hash" fi : >"$scratch/vmlinuz-linux" if usb_authorization_rebuild_and_verify disabled "$boot_conf" "$scratch" "$machine_id" enabled 2>/dev/null; then fail "boot authorization detects a stale deny-by-default boot entry during removal" fi usb_authorization_rewrite_boot_cmdlines disabled "$boot_conf" "$machine_id" printf 'quiet splash\0' >"$scratch/embedded-cmdline" objcopy -I binary -O pei-x86-64 -B i386:x86-64 "$scratch/embedded-cmdline" "$historical_uki" objcopy --rename-section .data=.cmdline,alloc,load,readonly,data,contents "$historical_uki" disabled_embedded_hash=$(b2sum "$historical_uki") disabled_embedded_hash=${disabled_embedded_hash%% *} sed -i "s/embedded.efi_sha256_fixture#$updated_embedded_hash/embedded.efi_sha256_fixture#$disabled_embedded_hash/" "$boot_conf" usb_authorization_rebuild_and_verify disabled "$boot_conf" "$scratch" "$machine_id" enabled || fail "boot authorization removes the parameter from current and snapshot entries" snapshot_config="$scratch/limine-defaults" printf 'TARGET_OS_NAME="Omarchy"\n' >"$snapshot_config" usb_authorization_enable_snapshot_setting "$snapshot_config" grep -Fqx 'SNAPSHOT_KERNEL_PARAMETERS+=usbcore.authorized_default=0' "$snapshot_config" || fail "future Limine snapshots inherit boot-time USB authorization" usb_authorization_enable_snapshot_setting "$snapshot_config" [[ $(grep -Fxc '# Omarchy USB authorization begin' "$snapshot_config") == 1 ]] || fail "the snapshot setting remains idempotent" usb_authorization_disable_snapshot_setting "$snapshot_config" ! grep -Fq 'usbcore.authorized_default=0' "$snapshot_config" || fail "removing boot authorization restores future snapshot defaults" pass "boot authorization verifies generated entries despite Limine false-success exits" : >"$calls" "$ROOT/bin/omarchy-remove-security-usb-authorization" --boot-only --yes >"$scratch/remove-boot-output" grep -Fqx 'sudo ' "$calls" || fail "boot-only removal rebuilds the permissive boot policy" ! grep -Fq 'systemctl <--user disable --now omarchy-usb-authorization.service>' "$calls" || fail "boot-only removal leaves the userspace approval watcher enabled" grep -Fq 'takes effect after reboot' "$scratch/remove-boot-output" || fail "boot-only removal explains when the change becomes active" pass "early-boot denial can be removed without disabling USBGuard" grep -qx 'usbguard' "$ROOT/install/omarchy-base.packages" || fail "USBGuard is installed by default" grep -Fq 'config/usb-authorization.sh' "$ROOT/install/config/all.sh" || fail "fresh installs configure the USB authorization policy" grep -Fq 'omarchy-usb-authorization.service' "$ROOT/install/user/first-run/enable-user-units.sh" || fail "fresh installs enable the USB approval watcher" grep -Fq 'usb_authorization_add_user "$username"' "$ROOT/bin/omarchy-provision-owner" || fail "deferred provisioning grants the new owner approval access" grep -Fq 'systemctl try-restart usbguard.service' "$ROOT/bin/omarchy-provision-owner" || fail "deferred provisioning reloads the new owner ACL" grep -Fqx 'omarchy-setup-security-usb-authorization --yes' "$ROOT/migrations/1789433473.sh" || fail "existing installs enable USB authorization during migration" : >"$rules" : >"$calls" export OMARCHY_INSTALL="$ROOT/install" export OMARCHY_INSTALL_USER=tester export OMARCHY_USB_AUTHORIZATION_RULES_FILE="$rules" export OMARCHY_USB_AUTHORIZATION_DAEMON_CONFIG="$daemon_config" bash -euo pipefail -c 'source "$OMARCHY_INSTALL/config/usb-authorization.sh"' >"$scratch/install-output" grep -qx 'allow id 1d6b:0002 name "Linux Foundation root hub" hash "root"' "$rules" || fail "fresh installation enrolls devices present during installation" grep -Fqx 'usbguard <--devices=list,listen,modify> <--policy=list> <--exceptions=listen>' "$calls" || fail "fresh installation grants the owner narrowly scoped approval access" grep -Fqx 'systemctl ' "$calls" || fail "fresh installation enables USBGuard for the first boot" pass "USB authorization is the default for fresh and existing installations" malicious_rule='block id 07a6:8513 name "$(touch '"$scratch"'/injected)" hash "attacker" with-interface 02:06:00' export BLOCKED_DEVICE_RULE="$malicious_rule" notification_count=$(grep -c '^notification' "$calls" || true) for presence in Insert Present; do USBGUARD_IPC_SIGNAL=Device.PresenceChanged \ USBGUARD_DEVICE_EVENT="$presence" \ USBGUARD_DEVICE_TARGET=block \ USBGUARD_DEVICE_ID=17 \ USBGUARD_DEVICE_RULE="$malicious_rule" \ "$ROOT/bin/omarchy-usb-authorization-event" done USBGUARD_IPC_SIGNAL=Device.PolicyApplied \ USBGUARD_DEVICE_TARGET_NEW=allow \ USBGUARD_DEVICE_ID=17 \ USBGUARD_DEVICE_RULE="${malicious_rule/#block/allow}" \ "$ROOT/bin/omarchy-usb-authorization-event" [[ $(grep -c '^notification' "$calls" || true) == "$notification_count" ]] || fail "a trusted device's transient blocked presence must not prompt" BLOCKED_DEVICE_PRESENT=0 \ USBGUARD_IPC_SIGNAL=Device.PolicyApplied \ USBGUARD_DEVICE_TARGET_NEW=block \ USBGUARD_DEVICE_ID=17 \ USBGUARD_DEVICE_RULE="$malicious_rule" \ "$ROOT/bin/omarchy-usb-authorization-event" [[ $(grep -c '^notification' "$calls" || true) == "$notification_count" ]] || fail "a stale blocked event must not prompt after authorization or removal" pass "USB alerts use the final policy and discard stale events" USBGUARD_IPC_SIGNAL=Device.PolicyApplied \ USBGUARD_DEVICE_ID=17 \ USBGUARD_DEVICE_EVENT=Insert \ USBGUARD_DEVICE_TARGET_NEW=block \ USBGUARD_DEVICE_RULE="$malicious_rule" \ "$ROOT/bin/omarchy-usb-authorization-event" request=$(find "$home/.local/state/omarchy/usb-authorization/requests" -maxdepth 1 -name 'request-*.json' -print -quit) [[ -n $request ]] || fail "a blocked USB device creates a review request" [[ $(stat -c %a "$request") == 600 ]] || fail "device-controlled request data stays private" [[ $(jq -r .id "$request") == 17 ]] || fail "the request records the USBGuard device id" [[ $(jq -r .rule "$request") == "$malicious_rule" ]] || fail "the request preserves the identity snapshot" ! grep -Fq "$malicious_rule" "$calls" || fail "device text never enters the notification's launch command" [[ ! -e $scratch/injected ]] || fail "device text cannot execute during notification" token=$(basename "${request%.json}") grep -Eq "notification .* <$token>$" "$calls" || fail "the notification action carries only an opaque request token" pass "blocked device metadata remains data across the desktop notification boundary" notification_count=$(grep -c '^notification' "$calls") USBGUARD_IPC_SIGNAL=IPC.Connected "$ROOT/bin/omarchy-usb-authorization-event" & scan_pid=$! USBGUARD_IPC_SIGNAL=Device.PolicyApplied \ USBGUARD_DEVICE_ID=17 \ USBGUARD_DEVICE_TARGET_NEW=block \ USBGUARD_DEVICE_RULE="$malicious_rule" \ "$ROOT/bin/omarchy-usb-authorization-event" wait "$scan_pid" [[ $(grep -c '^notification' "$calls") == "$notification_count" ]] || fail "overlapping scan and policy events must not duplicate pending prompts" pass "USB reconnect scans and policy events deduplicate pending requests" GUM_CHOICE='Allow once' "$ROOT/bin/omarchy-usb-authorization-review" "$token" >"$scratch/review-once-output" grep -Fqx "usbguard <$malicious_rule>" "$calls" || fail "review can allow the exact device once" [[ ! -e $request ]] || fail "a completed review consumes its request" pass "USB review allows a still-matching device once" # A daemon restart discards the temporary approval. The IPC reconnect must # recover the blocked device even when its startup policy events were missed. notification_count=$(grep -c '^notification' "$calls") USBGUARD_IPC_SIGNAL=IPC.Connected "$ROOT/bin/omarchy-usb-authorization-event" [[ -f $request ]] || fail "reconnection recreates a consumed Allow once request" [[ $(grep -c '^notification' "$calls") == $((notification_count + 1)) ]] || fail "reconnection prompts again for a temporary approval lost on restart" GUM_CHOICE='Keep blocked' "$ROOT/bin/omarchy-usb-authorization-review" "$token" >/dev/null USBGUARD_IPC_SIGNAL=Device.PolicyApplied \ USBGUARD_DEVICE_ID=17 \ USBGUARD_DEVICE_TARGET_OLD=allow \ USBGUARD_DEVICE_TARGET_NEW=block \ USBGUARD_DEVICE_RULE="$malicious_rule" \ "$ROOT/bin/omarchy-usb-authorization-event" [[ -f $request ]] || fail "a later allow-to-block policy transition creates a request" GUM_CHOICE='Keep blocked' "$ROOT/bin/omarchy-usb-authorization-review" "$token" >/dev/null pass "USB approval recovers after IPC reconnects and policy transitions" USBGUARD_IPC_SIGNAL=Device.PolicyApplied \ USBGUARD_DEVICE_ID=17 \ USBGUARD_DEVICE_EVENT=Insert \ USBGUARD_DEVICE_TARGET_NEW=block \ USBGUARD_DEVICE_RULE="$malicious_rule" \ "$ROOT/bin/omarchy-usb-authorization-event" request=$(find "$home/.local/state/omarchy/usb-authorization/requests" -maxdepth 1 -name 'request-*.json' -print -quit) token=$(basename "${request%.json}") GUM_CHOICE='Always allow this device' "$ROOT/bin/omarchy-usb-authorization-review" "$token" >"$scratch/review-always-output" grep -Fqx "usbguard <--permanent> <$malicious_rule>" "$calls" || fail "review can persist an exact-device rule" pass "USB review supports explicit persistent trust" USBGUARD_IPC_SIGNAL=Device.PolicyApplied \ USBGUARD_DEVICE_ID=17 \ USBGUARD_DEVICE_EVENT=Insert \ USBGUARD_DEVICE_TARGET_NEW=block \ USBGUARD_DEVICE_RULE="$malicious_rule" \ "$ROOT/bin/omarchy-usb-authorization-event" request=$(find "$home/.local/state/omarchy/usb-authorization/requests" -maxdepth 1 -name 'request-*.json' -print -quit) token=$(basename "${request%.json}") device_rule_file="$scratch/blocked-device-rule" printf '%s\n' "$malicious_rule" >"$device_rule_file" replacement_rule='block id 1d50:60c7 name "Replacement gadget" hash "replacement"' allow_count=$(grep -c '^usbguard ' "$calls") if BLOCKED_DEVICE_RULE_FILE="$device_rule_file" \ GUM_REASSIGN_RULE="$replacement_rule" \ GUM_CHOICE='Always allow this device' \ "$ROOT/bin/omarchy-usb-authorization-review" "$token" >"$scratch/review-reassigned-output" 2>&1; then fail "review rejects a USBGuard ID reassigned while the approval dialog is open" fi [[ $(grep -c '^usbguard ' "$calls") == "$allow_count" ]] || fail "an ID reassigned during review cannot authorize a different device" [[ ! -e $request ]] || fail "a reassigned-ID review request is discarded" pass "USB review revalidates identity after the approval dialog" USBGUARD_IPC_SIGNAL=Device.PolicyApplied \ USBGUARD_DEVICE_ID=17 \ USBGUARD_DEVICE_EVENT=Insert \ USBGUARD_DEVICE_TARGET_NEW=block \ USBGUARD_DEVICE_RULE="$malicious_rule" \ "$ROOT/bin/omarchy-usb-authorization-event" request=$(find "$home/.local/state/omarchy/usb-authorization/requests" -maxdepth 1 -name 'request-*.json' -print -quit) token=$(basename "${request%.json}") allow_count=$(grep -c '^usbguard ' "$calls") if BLOCKED_DEVICE_PRESENT=0 "$ROOT/bin/omarchy-usb-authorization-review" "$token" >"$scratch/review-stale-output" 2>&1; then fail "review rejects a request after its device disappears" fi [[ $(grep -c '^usbguard ' "$calls") == "$allow_count" ]] || fail "a reused USBGuard id cannot authorize a different device" [[ ! -e $request ]] || fail "a stale review request is discarded" pass "USB review binds approval to the device snapshot" notification_count=$(grep -c '^notification' "$calls") if NOTIFICATION_FAIL=1 USBGUARD_IPC_SIGNAL=IPC.Connected \ "$ROOT/bin/omarchy-usb-authorization-event"; then fail "a failed notification must report failure" fi [[ ! -e $request ]] || fail "a failed notification must not suppress retries" USBGUARD_IPC_SIGNAL=IPC.Connected "$ROOT/bin/omarchy-usb-authorization-event" [[ -f $request ]] || fail "reconnection retries a failed notification" [[ $(grep -c '^notification' "$calls") == $((notification_count + 2)) ]] || fail "reconnection must attempt delivery after an earlier send failure" pass "failed USB notifications can be retried on reconnection" sysfs="$scratch/sys/bus/usb/devices" mkdir -p "$sysfs/usb1" "$sysfs/1-2" echo 0 >"$sysfs/usb1/authorized_default" echo 0 >"$sysfs/1-2/authorized" export TEST_SYSFS="$sysfs" "$ROOT/bin/omarchy-remove-security-usb-authorization" --yes >"$scratch/remove-output" [[ $(<"$sysfs/usb1/authorized_default") == 1 ]] || fail "removal restores root-hub default authorization" [[ $(<"$sysfs/1-2/authorized") == 1 ]] || fail "removal reauthorizes devices left connected" grep -Fqx 'systemctl ' "$calls" || fail "removal stops a service Omarchy enabled" grep -Fqx 'usbguard ' "$calls" || fail "removal drops the user's USBGuard IPC access" grep -Fqx 'sudo ' "$calls" || fail "removal restores USB authorization only through the fixed-path root helper" grep -Fqx 'sudo ' "$calls" || fail "removing USB authorization also removes early-boot denial" ! grep -Fqx 'pkg-drop ' "$calls" || fail "disabling keeps the default USBGuard package installed" [[ ! -e $home/.config/systemd/user/omarchy-usb-authorization.service ]] || fail "removal deletes the graphical-session watcher" pass "USB authorization removal restores the original default-allow behavior"