Strip image tags after the newline rewrite, not before it

The card binds the body Text to styledBody, which rewrites newlines to <br/>
*after* sanitizeBody has run. That rewrite inserts tag syntax into text the
stripper deliberately kept: a kept tag may hold a `<` of its own, and `<x`,
newline, `<img src="http://host/x.png">` is one tag named `x` to both the
stripper and Qt, so it survives whole — until the rewrite splits it into
`<x<br/>` and a live image tag the input never contained.

Measured against Qt 6.11.2 with an offscreen StyledText and a local HTTP
server: that body issues the GET after this branch's sanitizer and issues
nothing before it, because the one-pass /<img[^>]*>/gi it replaces deleted the
inner substring outright. The whole-tag bound is still the right trade — it is
what stops the stripper manufacturing tags — but it only holds if nothing edits
the string afterwards.

So move the rewrite into NotificationLogic, next to the reasoning it depends
on, and strip again after it. What Qt parses is then what was checked last. The
tests assert on styledBody for the same reason, since sanitizeBody's output is
no longer the string that reaches the renderer, and a regex assertion pins the
card's binding because no JavaScript assertion can see a QML property.

shell/plugins/notifications/NotificationLogic.js

@@ -77,6 +77,18 @@ function stripImageTags(text) {
   return out
 }
 
+// What the card renders, and the last thing to touch the string before Qt parses
+// it. The newline rewrite belongs here rather than in the card because it inserts
+// `<br/>` into text stripImageTags chose to KEEP, and a kept tag may hold a `<` of
+// its own: `<x`, newline, `<img src="http://…">` is one tag named `x` to both the
+// stripper and Qt, until the rewrite splits it into `<x<br/>` and a live image tag
+// the input never contained. Measured against Qt 6.11.2 — the rewritten form
+// fetches, the original does not. So strip again after, and what Qt parses is what
+// was checked last.
+function styledBody(body, app, appIcon) {
+  return stripImageTags(sanitizeBody(body, app, appIcon).replace(/\r\n|\r|\n/g, "<br/>"))
+}
+
 function sanitizeBody(body, app, appIcon) {
   var text = stripImageTags(String(body || ""))
   if (!isChromiumDerived(app, appIcon)) return text
@@ -438,6 +450,7 @@ if (typeof module !== "undefined") {
   module.exports = {
     isChromiumDerived: isChromiumDerived,
     sanitizeBody: sanitizeBody,
+    styledBody: styledBody,
     summaryStartsWithGlyph: summaryStartsWithGlyph,
     shouldBypassDnd: shouldBypassDnd,
     isEphemeralApp: isEphemeralApp,