Trim the comments around the deferral check

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
Keep offering the deferred install after backing out
2026-08-13 11:20:16 -07:00 · 2026-08-13 11:14:44 -07:00 · 2026-08-10 14:15:24 -07:00 · 2026-08-10 13:51:31 -07:00 · 2026-08-10 13:51:24 -07:00 · 2026-08-10 09:19:44 -07:00
17 changed files with 1713 additions and 425 deletions
@@ -14,6 +14,8 @@
 # Usage: omarchy-iso-test [release/omarchy.iso] [options]
 #
 #   --encrypt          Drive the encrypted install flow (default: unencrypted)
+#   --provision              Drive the deferred-provisioning install flow: no user during install, the
+#                      first boot runs omarchy-provision-owner and creates it there
 #   --reuse-base       Skip the install phase if a base image already exists
 #   --install-only     Stop after producing the installed base image
 #   --sync-omarchy DIR Push DIR's test/acceptance into the guest before running
@@ -36,6 +38,7 @@ MEMORY=8192
 INSTALL_TIMEOUT=2400
 BOOT_TIMEOUT=600
 ENCRYPT=false
+PROVISION=false
 REUSE_BASE=false
 INSTALL_ONLY=false
 KEEP_RUNNING=false
@@ -50,6 +53,7 @@ GUEST_HOSTNAME="omarchy-test"
 while (($#)); do
  case "$1" in
    --encrypt) ENCRYPT=true ;;
+    --provision) PROVISION=true ;;
    --reuse-base) REUSE_BASE=true ;;
    --install-only) INSTALL_ONLY=true ;;
    --keep-running) KEEP_RUNNING=true ;;
@@ -86,6 +90,7 @@ OVMF_VARS_TEMPLATE="/usr/share/edk2/x64/OVMF_VARS.4m.fd"

 BASE_NAME="$(basename "$ISO" .iso)"
 $ENCRYPT && BASE_NAME+="-encrypted"
+$PROVISION && BASE_NAME+="-provision"
 BASE_DIR="$REPO_DIR/test-runs/$BASE_NAME"
 RUN_DIR="$BASE_DIR/runs/$(date +%Y%m%d-%H%M%S)"
 BASE_DISK="$BASE_DIR/base.qcow2"
@@ -96,7 +101,9 @@ HTTP_PID=""

 mkdir -p "$BASE_DIR" "$RUN_DIR"

-QMP_SOCK="$RUN_DIR/qmp.sock"
+# Unix socket paths are capped at ~108 bytes, which a run directory nested in
+# test-runs/<iso-name>/runs/<timestamp> can exceed. Keep the socket in /tmp.
+QMP_SOCK=$(mktemp -u "${TMPDIR:-/tmp}/omarchy-iso-test-qmp.XXXXXX.sock")
 PIDFILE="$RUN_DIR/qemu.pid"

 log() {
@@ -286,6 +293,28 @@ type_text() {
      :) press shift-semicolon ;;
      @) press shift-2 ;;
      \|) press shift-backslash ;;
+      ";") press semicolon ;;
+      "'") press apostrophe ;;
+      '"') press shift-apostrophe ;;
+      "=") press equal ;;
+      "+") press shift-equal ;;
+      "%") press shift-5 ;;
+      "&") press shift-7 ;;
+      "*") press shift-8 ;;
+      "(") press shift-9 ;;
+      ")") press shift-0 ;;
+      "<") press shift-comma ;;
+      ">") press shift-dot ;;
+      "!") press shift-1 ;;
+      "#") press shift-3 ;;
+      '$') press shift-4 ;;
+      "?") press shift-slash ;;
+      "~") press shift-grave_accent ;;
+      "\\") press backslash ;;
+      "[") press bracket_left ;;
+      "]") press bracket_right ;;
+      "{") press shift-bracket_left ;;
+      "}") press shift-bracket_right ;;
      *) echo "type_text: unsupported character: $ch" >&2; return 1 ;;
    esac
    sleep 0.05
@@ -297,6 +326,7 @@ type_text() {
 ssh_guest() {
  ssh -i "$SSH_KEY" -p "$SSH_PORT" \
    -o BatchMode=yes \
+    -o IdentitiesOnly=yes \
    -o StrictHostKeyChecking=no \
    -o UserKnownHostsFile=/dev/null \
    -o ConnectTimeout=5 \
@@ -576,10 +606,43 @@ audio-panel|meta_l-ctrl-a|omarchy-keyboard-panel|omarchy.audio'
 drive_configurator() {
  log "Driving the installer wizard"

+  # A greeter (animated logo + tagline) opens the installer; Return begins.
+  wait_for_screen "Opinionated" 300
+  capture_console "success-installer-00-greeter"
+  press ret
+
+  # Keyboard is the first screen. Ctrl+C there is the hidden entry into deferred provisioning
+  # mode; a normal install just selects the layout.
  wait_for_screen "keyboard layout" 300
  capture_console "success-installer-01-keyboard-layout"
+
+  if $PROVISION; then
+    press ctrl-c # arm "prepare for another owner"
+    wait_for_screen "another owner" 30
+    capture_console "success-installer-02-prepare-confirm"
+    press ret # "Yes, prepare for another owner" is the affirmative default
+
+    # Jumps straight to disk selection, then the overwrite confirm.
+    wait_for_screen "install disk" 60
+    capture_console "success-installer-03-prepare-install-disk"
+    press ret
+
+    wait_for_screen "recovery possible" 60
+    capture_console "success-installer-04-prepare-disk-warning-encrypted"
+    if ! $ENCRYPT; then
+      press ctrl-c
+      wait_for_screen "without encryption" 30
+      capture_console "success-installer-05-prepare-disk-warning-unencrypted"
+    fi
+    press ret
+    sleep 2
+    capture_console "success-installer-13-install-started"
+    return 0
+  fi
+
  press ret # English (US) is preselected

+  # Normal flow: user step comes before disk selection.
  wait_for_screen "Username" 120
  type_text "$GUEST_USER"
  capture_console "success-installer-02-username"
@@ -622,17 +685,93 @@ drive_configurator() {
  capture_console "success-installer-10-install-disk"
  press ret # the single virtio disk

+  wait_for_screen "installation mode\|recovery possible" 60
+  if ocr_screen | grep -qi "installation mode"; then
+    capture_console "success-installer-11-install-mode"
+    press ret # "Full disk install" is preselected
+  fi
+
  wait_for_screen "recovery possible" 60
-  capture_console "success-installer-11-disk-warning-encrypted"
+  capture_console "success-installer-12-disk-warning-encrypted"
  if ! $ENCRYPT; then
    press ctrl-c # toggles the confirm to the unencrypted flow
    wait_for_screen "without encryption" 30
-    capture_console "success-installer-12-disk-warning-unencrypted"
+    capture_console "success-installer-13-disk-warning-unencrypted"
  fi
  press ret

  sleep 2
-  capture_console "success-installer-13-install-started"
+  capture_console "success-installer-14-install-started"
+}
+
+# The deferred-provisioning first boot runs the user form on tty1 (omarchy-provision-owner) before
+# SDDM. Encrypted deferred-provisioning installs auto-unlock from the staged keyfile, so there
+# is no LUKS prompt to answer here either way.
+drive_provision_owner() {
+  log "Driving the deferred-provisioning first-boot setup"
+
+  # Deferred provisioning defers the keyboard step to first boot; it comes before the user form.
+  # Pick English (UK) (one row below the preselected English (US), which leads
+  # the list) so the verifier can prove the deferred step applied a non-default
+  # layout — UK leaves every letter identical to US, so the typed password (sent
+  # as raw keycodes) still matches the literal one the harness pipes to sudo.
+  # A greeter (animated logo + tagline) opens first boot; Return begins.
+  wait_for_screen "Opinionated" 600
+  capture_console "success-provision-00-greeter"
+  press ret
+
+  wait_for_screen "keyboard layout" 120
+  press down
+  capture_console "success-provision-01-keyboard-layout-uk"
+  press ret
+
+  wait_for_screen "Username" 120
+  capture_console "success-provision-02-username"
+  type_text "$GUEST_USER"
+  press ret
+
+  wait_for_screen "Password" 60
+  type_text "$GUEST_PASSWORD"
+  capture_console "success-provision-03-password"
+  press ret
+
+  wait_for_screen "Conf *irm" 60
+  type_text "$GUEST_PASSWORD"
+  press ret
+
+  wait_for_screen "Full name" 60
+  type_text "Omarchy Test"
+  press ret
+
+  wait_for_screen "Email address" 60
+  # The keyboard step above applied English (UK), where '@' is Shift+' (not
+  # Shift+2 as on US); send that keycode so the typed email is correct under
+  # the new layout — itself further proof the deferred keymap took effect.
+  type_text "test"
+  press shift-apostrophe
+  type_text "omarchy.org"
+  capture_console "success-provision-04-email"
+  press ret
+
+  # Hostname is deferred to first boot too.
+  wait_for_screen "Hostname" 60
+  type_text "$GUEST_HOSTNAME"
+  capture_console "success-provision-05-hostname"
+  press ret
+
+  # Timezone is deferred to first boot too; accept the geo-guessed default.
+  # Generous timeout: the tzupdate geo-guess over first-boot networking can lag.
+  wait_for_screen "Timezone" 180
+  capture_console "success-provision-06-timezone"
+  press ret
+
+  wait_for_screen "look right" 60
+  capture_console "success-provision-07-review"
+  press ret
+
+  # Finalization (offline Node unpack, LUKS re-key on encrypted installs)
+  # runs before SDDM appears.
+  capture_console "success-provision-08-finalizing"
 }

 wait_for_install() {
@@ -649,6 +788,15 @@ wait_for_install() {
      return 0
    fi

+    # Deferred-provisioning installs skip the celebration and reboot on their own
+    # (no Reboot Now prompt); the first-boot greeter tagline appearing means the
+    # install finished and rebooted into setup.
+    if $PROVISION && grep -qi "Opinionated" <<<"$text"; then
+      log "Install finished and auto-rebooted into first-boot setup."
+      capture_console "success-installer-15-autoreboot"
+      return 0
+    fi
+
    if grep -qi "installation stopped" <<<"$text"; then
      capture_console "failure-installer-installation-stopped"
      echo "Install failed — screenshot saved to $RUN_DIR" >&2
@@ -751,11 +899,11 @@ EOF
  press ret
  sleep 3

-  type_text "curl -fsS http://10.0.2.2:$HTTP_PORT/bootstrap | bash"
+  type_text "curl -fsS http://10.0.2.2:$HTTP_PORT/bootstrap -o /tmp/bs && bash /tmp/bs"
  capture_console "success-first-boot-05-bootstrap-command"
  press ret

-  wait_for_ssh 180 "failure-first-boot-ssh-timeout"
+  wait_for_ssh 360 "failure-first-boot-ssh-timeout"
  capture_console "success-first-boot-06-bootstrap-complete"

  kill "$HTTP_PID" 2>/dev/null || true
@@ -835,11 +983,63 @@ install_phase() {
  drive_configurator
  wait_for_install

-  if $ENCRYPT; then
+  if $PROVISION; then
+    drive_provision_owner
+  elif $ENCRYPT; then
    unlock_luks
  fi
  bootstrap_ssh

+  # SSH can come up (console bootstrap logs in on a spare TTY) while
+  # omarchy-provision-owner is still finalizing the user and re-keying LUKS. Saving
+  # the base mid-finalization produces a flaky image, so wait for the pending
+  # flag to clear before powering off.
+  if $PROVISION; then
+    log "Waiting for provisioning first-boot setup to finish"
+    local waited=0 rc
+    while true; do
+      # Capture rc via `|| rc=$?` so a non-zero result doesn't trip `set -e`
+      # (this command is intentionally allowed to "fail" — that's the signal).
+      rc=0
+      ssh_guest "test -f /var/lib/omarchy/provisioning/pending" 2>/dev/null || rc=$?
+      # rc 0 = flag still present; rc 255 = SSH not up yet (finalization may
+      # still be running) — keep waiting. Only a clean "file absent" (rc 1)
+      # means provisioning finished, so we don't snapshot mid-finalization on a
+      # transient SSH blip.
+      (( rc == 0 || rc == 255 )) || break
+      if ((waited >= 900)); then
+        capture_console "failure-provision-finalization-timeout"
+        echo "Timed out waiting for provisioning first-boot setup to complete" >&2
+        return 1
+      fi
+      sleep 10
+      ((waited += 10))
+    done
+
+    # The owner's hostname and timezone are set at first boot now, not baked
+    # into the install — confirm they actually landed on the running system.
+    # Hostname is deterministic (we typed it), so a mismatch is a hard failure;
+    # timezone is geo-guessed, so just report what landed.
+    local got_host="" got_tz=""
+    got_host=$(ssh_guest "cat /etc/hostname" 2>/dev/null | tr -d '\r\n') || got_host=""
+    got_tz=$(ssh_guest "timedatectl show -p Timezone --value" 2>/dev/null | tr -d '\r\n') || got_tz=""
+    if [[ $got_host != "$GUEST_HOSTNAME" ]]; then
+      capture_console "failure-provision-hostname-not-applied"
+      echo "First-boot hostname is '${got_host:-<empty>}', expected '$GUEST_HOSTNAME'" >&2
+      return 1
+    fi
+    log "hostname applied at first boot: $got_host"
+    if [[ -n $got_tz && $got_tz != "UTC" ]]; then
+      log "timezone applied at first boot: $got_tz"
+    else
+      echo "WARN: timezone is '${got_tz:-<empty>}' (expected the owner's choice, not UTC)" >&2
+    fi
+
+    # Deferred first-boot setup hands straight off to SDDM once the oneshot
+    # service exits — no celebration screen, no Start Omarchy button to confirm.
+    capture_console "success-provision-09-handoff"
+  fi
+
  ssh_guest "echo $GUEST_PASSWORD | sudo -S cat /var/log/omarchy-install-timing.json 2>/dev/null" \
    >"$RUN_DIR/omarchy-install-timing.json" 2>/dev/null || true
  ssh_guest "echo $GUEST_PASSWORD | sudo -S cat /var/log/pacman.log 2>/dev/null" \
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ cp "/tmp/$NODE_FILENAME" "$build_cache_dir/airootfs/opt/packages/"
 # The selected omarchy-settings package is needed here so its post_install hook
 # drops Omarchy's plymouthd.conf into /etc/plymouth before mkarchiso builds the
 # live initramfs.
-arch_packages=(linux-t2 git gum jq openssl plymouth python-terminaltexteffects tzupdate omarchy-keyring "$OMARCHY_SETTINGS_PACKAGE" lvm2 cryptsetup parted)
+arch_packages=(linux-t2 git gum jq openssl plymouth ttfx tzupdate omarchy-keyring "$OMARCHY_SETTINGS_PACKAGE" lvm2 cryptsetup parted)
 printf '%s\n' "${arch_packages[@]}" >> "$build_cache_dir/packages.x86_64"

 # The live ISO boots linux-t2 (see airootfs/etc/mkinitcpio.d/linux-t2.preset), so
@@ -139,6 +139,7 @@ sed -i -E '/^(linux|broadcom-wl)$/d' "$build_cache_dir/packages.x86_64"
 # pulls the published omarchy* from the network mirror like any other package.
 if [[ -d /omarchy-source ]]; then
  base_pkg_lists=(/omarchy-source/install/omarchy-base.packages /omarchy-source/install/omarchy-other.packages)
+  setup_form=/omarchy-source/install/provisioning/setup-form.sh
 else
  # Pull the same package lists out of the freshly-downloaded Omarchy runtime
  # package so we don't need a local checkout in the non-local-source path.
@@ -154,12 +155,37 @@ else
  mkdir -p /tmp/omarchy-pkglists
  bsdtar -xf "$omarchy_pkg" -C /tmp/omarchy-pkglists usr/share/omarchy/install/omarchy-base.packages usr/share/omarchy/install/omarchy-other.packages
  base_pkg_lists=(/tmp/omarchy-pkglists/usr/share/omarchy/install/omarchy-base.packages /tmp/omarchy-pkglists/usr/share/omarchy/install/omarchy-other.packages)
+  # Extracted on its own, tolerating a miss: bsdtar exits non-zero for a member
+  # it can't find, so asking for this alongside the package lists would abort the
+  # build here (set -e) with a bare "Not found in archive" instead of the
+  # actionable error below.
+  bsdtar -xf "$omarchy_pkg" -C /tmp/omarchy-pkglists usr/share/omarchy/install/provisioning/setup-form.sh 2>/dev/null || true
+  setup_form=/tmp/omarchy-pkglists/usr/share/omarchy/install/provisioning/setup-form.sh
 fi

 mkdir -p "$build_cache_dir/airootfs/usr/share/omarchy-iso"
 cp "${base_pkg_lists[0]}" "$build_cache_dir/airootfs/usr/share/omarchy-iso/omarchy-base.packages"
 cp "${base_pkg_lists[1]}" "$build_cache_dir/airootfs/usr/share/omarchy-iso/omarchy-other.packages"

+# The configurator's setup form comes from the runtime this ISO bundles, so the
+# installer and the first-boot setup that finishes a deferred install can never
+# disagree. A runtime predating the split ships no such file, which would leave
+# the configurator with no prompts at all.
+if [[ ! -f $setup_form ]]; then
+  if [[ -d /omarchy-source ]]; then
+    echo "ERROR: the --local-source checkout ships no install/provisioning/setup-form.sh" >&2
+    remedy="Update the checkout to a revision carrying the shared setup form."
+  else
+    echo "ERROR: $OMARCHY_RUNTIME_PACKAGE does not ship install/provisioning/setup-form.sh" >&2
+    remedy="Publish a runtime carrying the shared setup form, or build with --local-source against a checkout that has it."
+  fi
+  echo "       The configurator sources its prompts from that file, so this ISO" >&2
+  echo "       would boot into an installer with no questions to ask." >&2
+  echo "       $remedy" >&2
+  exit 1
+fi
+cp "$setup_form" "$build_cache_dir/airootfs/usr/share/omarchy-iso/setup-form.sh"
+
 # Collect every package we want available in the offline mirror.
 declare -a all_packages
 mapfile -t all_packages < <(
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# linux-t2 ships for every machine, and on a pre-T2 Mac its applesmc oopses
+# registering the keyboard-backlight LED, wedging udev. Nothing here needs the SMC.
+blacklist applesmc
@@ -101,6 +101,16 @@ else
  ./configurator
 fi

+# Deferred-provisioning installs skip the celebration/reboot prompt and reboot on
+# their own — the owner completes setup at first boot. Signalled by the config's
+# defer_provisioning flag (interactive) or the defer-provisioning marker (cidata).
+# Parse the flag with jq (the same JSON semantics the orchestrator uses) rather
+# than a line regex, so a reformatted config can't read as a direct install.
+if [[ -f /root/defer-provisioning ]] ||
+  [[ "$(jq -r '.omarchy_install.defer_provisioning // false' /root/user_configuration.json 2>/dev/null)" == "true" ]]; then
+  export OMARCHY_UI_DEFER_PROVISIONING=yes
+fi
+
 # The foreground dashboard is now the sole visible install UI owner. It starts
 # the actual installer as a non-interactive child, logs child output, waits for
 # completion, then renders the final installed-time/reboot prompt itself.
@@ -117,4 +127,5 @@ rm -f /run/omarchy-install/state.json
    --email-file /root/user_email_address.txt \
    --encrypt-file /root/user_encrypt_installation.txt \
    --authorized-keys-file /root/authorized_keys \
-    --tailscale-authkey-file /root/tailscale_authkey
+    --tailscale-authkey-file /root/tailscale_authkey \
+    --defer-provisioning-file /root/defer-provisioning
@@ -9,6 +9,21 @@ OMARCHY_SETTINGS_PACKAGE="${OMARCHY_SETTINGS_PACKAGE:-omarchy-settings}"

 LOGO_PATH="$OMARCHY_PATH/logo.txt"

+# The setup form — keyboard, account, hostname, and timezone questions, plus the
+# rules their answers are checked against — shared verbatim with the first-boot
+# owner setup that finishes a deferred install. build-iso.sh vendors it out of
+# the runtime package this ISO bundles, so the two can never offer different
+# layouts or accept different usernames. On the ISO that vendored copy is what
+# loads; a dry run outside the ISO falls back to the omarchy checkout
+# bin/omarchy-iso-configurator already points OMARCHY_PATH at.
+SETUP_FORM="${SETUP_FORM:-/usr/share/omarchy-iso/setup-form.sh}"
+[[ -r $SETUP_FORM ]] || SETUP_FORM="$OMARCHY_PATH/install/provisioning/setup-form.sh"
+if [[ ! -r $SETUP_FORM ]]; then
+  echo "ERROR: shared setup form not found at $SETUP_FORM" >&2
+  exit 1
+fi
+source "$SETUP_FORM"
+
 LOGO_WIDTH=$(awk '{ if (length > max) max = length } END { print max+0 }' "$LOGO_PATH")

 export GUM_CONFIRM_PROMPT_FOREGROUND="6"
@@ -38,12 +53,117 @@ measure_terminal() {
 }
 measure_terminal

+# The live VT resizes late during boot: tty1 starts as the 80-column boot
+# console and only grows once the kernel framebuffer/KMS takes over (noticeably
+# late in VMs). The logo is wider than 80 columns, so a first draw against that
+# transient narrow console wraps the logo ("smushed") and can't center it
+# (padding clamps to 0, so it hugs the left). A terminal emulator (or sudo's
+# pty) has the same problem the other way: it reports a stale 24x80 for a few
+# hundred ms after start before its real winsize is set. Either way, hold the
+# first draw until the width settles at (or above) the logo width. A real VT
+# that never widens (e.g. nomodeset) still proceeds after the cap.
+wait_for_stable_terminal() {
+  local width last="" stable=0 waited=0
+  while (( waited < 5000 )); do
+    width=$(stty size 2>/dev/null </dev/tty | awk '{print $2}')
+    [[ $width =~ ^[0-9]+$ ]] || width=0
+    if [[ $width == "$last" ]] && (( width >= LOGO_WIDTH )); then
+      (( ++stable >= 3 )) && break
+    else
+      stable=0
+    fi
+    last=$width
+    sleep 0.2
+    (( waited += 200 ))
+  done
+}
+
 clear_logo() {
  measure_terminal
  printf "\033[H\033[2J"
  gum style --foreground 2 --padding "1 0 0 $PADDING_LEFT" "$(<"$LOGO_PATH")"
 }

+# Vertically-centered welcome shown once before the keyboard step — the same
+# frame the deferred-provisioning first boot opens on, so install and first boot
+# bookend the setup identically. Logo, the Omarchy tagline, and a single button,
+# centered like the boot logo. No animation.
+greeter() {
+  measure_terminal
+
+  local rows logo_h content_h top cols logo_row tagline_row hint_row
+  local tagline hint tpad hpad anim
+  cols=$TERM_WIDTH
+  rows=$(stty size 2>/dev/null </dev/tty | awk '{print $1}')
+  [[ $rows =~ ^[0-9]+$ ]] || rows=${LINES:-24}
+  logo_h=$(wc -l <"$LOGO_PATH")
+
+  # logo + blank + tagline + blank + hint
+  content_h=$((logo_h + 4))
+  top=$(((rows - content_h) / 2))
+  (( top < 0 )) && top=0
+  logo_row=$((top + 1))
+  tagline_row=$((top + logo_h + 2))
+  hint_row=$((top + logo_h + 4))
+
+  printf '\033[?25l\033[H\033[2J'
+
+  printf '\033[%d;1H' "$logo_row"
+  gum style --foreground 2 --padding "0 0 0 $PADDING_LEFT" "$(<"$LOGO_PATH")"
+
+  tagline="Beautiful, Modern & Opinionated Linux by DHH"
+  tpad=$(((cols - ${#tagline}) / 2)); (( tpad < 0 )) && tpad=0
+  printf '\033[%d;%dH%s' "$tagline_row" "$((tpad + 1))" "$tagline"
+
+  hint="Press Return to Start Install"
+  hpad=$(((cols - ${#hint}) / 2)); (( hpad < 0 )) && hpad=0
+  printf '\033[%d;%dH\033[2m%s\033[0m' "$hint_row" "$((hpad + 1))" "$hint"
+
+  # ColorShift the logo: a green base (indexed color 2) with a cyan accent (6)
+  # drifting through, settling on green. Indexed ANSI colors, not hex — the
+  # framebuffer console can't render truecolor faithfully (it crushes the
+  # palette to a muddy lavender), but the 16 indexed colors map to the Tokyo
+  # Night palette and render true. --xterm-colors is what keeps them indexed:
+  # ttfx resolves even indexed stops to truecolor otherwise, which would put the
+  # settle color out of step with the `gum style --foreground 2` logo underneath.
+  # One long-running invocation (many cycles) so it never restarts — a restart is
+  # what flashed. The effect reads from /dev/null so it never swallows the
+  # Return; --reuse-canvas paints upward from the saved cursor, anchored one row
+  # below the logo.
+  printf '\033[%d;1H\0337' "$((logo_row + logo_h))"
+  # Run ttfx directly (not inside a `while` subshell) so $anim is ttfx's own
+  # PID: killing a wrapping subshell would orphan ttfx, which then keeps
+  # painting the logo over the keyboard step. --cycles is high enough that it
+  # never ends on its own before Return.
+  # Two columns narrower than the console: ttfx centers its text two columns
+  # right of plain centering, so a full-width canvas would sit the animated
+  # logo a column off the gum-drawn one underneath it.
+  ttfx -i "$LOGO_PATH" \
+    --canvas-width "$((cols > 2 ? cols - 2 : cols))" \
+    --anchor-text c \
+    --frame-rate 60 \
+    --reuse-canvas \
+    --xterm-colors \
+    colorshift \
+    --gradient-stops 2 10 6 10 \
+    --gradient-frames 3 \
+    --cycles 1000 \
+    --final-gradient-stops 2 \
+    </dev/null >/dev/tty 2>/dev/null &
+  anim=$!
+
+  IFS= read -r _ </dev/tty || true
+  # Tolerate ttfx's kill signal in `wait` so a future `set -e` here can't abort.
+  kill "$anim" 2>/dev/null
+  wait "$anim" 2>/dev/null || true
+  # ttfx leaves the tty in raw/no-echo mode when killed; restore it or the gum
+  # prompts in the keyboard step that follows silently die.
+  stty sane </dev/tty 2>/dev/null || true
+  # Reset the screen so the leftover animation frame doesn't linger under the
+  # keyboard step that follows.
+  printf '\033[0m\033[H\033[2J\033[?25h'
+}
+
 abort() {
  gum style "${1:-Aborted installation}"
  echo
@@ -73,59 +193,33 @@ notice() {
 # STEP 1: KEYBOARD LAYOUT

 keyboard_form() {
-  step "Let's setup your machine..."
-  keyboards=$'Azerbaijani|azerty
-Belarusian|by
-Belgian|be-latin1
-Bosnian|ba
-Bulgarian|bg-cp1251
-Croatian|croat
-Czech|cz
-Danish|dk-latin1
-Dutch|nl
-English (UK)|uk
-English (US)|us
-English (US, Dvorak)|dvorak
-English (US, Colemak)|colemak
-Estonian|et
-Finnish|fi
-French|fr
-French (Canada)|cf
-French (Switzerland)|fr_CH
-Georgian|ge
-German|de
-German (Switzerland)|de_CH-latin1
-Greek|gr
-Hebrew|il
-Hungarian|hu
-Icelandic|is-latin1
-Irish|ie
-Italian|it
-Japanese|jp106
-Kazakh|kazakh
-Khmer (Cambodia)|khmer
-Kyrgyz|kyrgyz
-Lao|la-latin1
-Latvian|lv
-Lithuanian|lt
-Macedonian|mk-utf
-Norwegian|no-latin1
-Polish|pl
-Portuguese|pt-latin1
-Portuguese (Brazil)|br-abnt2
-Romanian|ro
-Russian|ru
-Serbian|sr-latin
-Slovak|sk-qwertz
-Slovenian|slovene
-Spanish|es
-Spanish (Latin American)|la-latin1
-Swedish|sv-latin1
-Tajik|tj_alt-UTF8
-Turkish|trq
-Ukrainian|ua'
-  choice=$(printf '%s\n' "$keyboards" | cut -d'|' -f1 | gum choose --height 10 --selected "English (US)" --header "Select keyboard layout") || abort
-  keyboard=$(printf '%s\n' "$keyboards" | awk -F'|' -v c="$choice" '$1==c{print $2; exit}')
+  # Ctrl+C is the hidden entry into deferred provisioning, offered on every
+  # visit: the user step unwinds back here and nothing is on disk yet. Callers
+  # re-check defer_provisioning after this returns.
+  local status
+
+  while true; do
+    clear_logo
+    echo
+    say "Let's setup your machine..."
+    say --foreground 8 "Press Ctrl+C to prepare this machine for another owner."
+    echo
+
+    omarchy_prompt_keyboard && status=0 || status=$?
+    ((status == 0)) && break
+
+    # Esc means "back", and nothing precedes the first screen, so re-ask.
+    ((status == OMARCHY_FORM_BACK)) && continue
+
+    if ((status == OMARCHY_FORM_SIGNAL)); then
+      if confirm_prepare_for_another_owner; then
+        defer_provisioning=true
+        return 0
+      fi
+      continue # declined: back to the keyboard picker
+    fi
+    abort
+  done

  # Only attempt to load keyboard layout if we're on a real console
  # loadkeys only works on Linux virtual consoles (tty), not in terminal emulators
@@ -134,74 +228,59 @@ Ukrainian|ua'
  fi
 }

-keyboard_form
+# Ctrl+C on the first screen offers to prepare the machine for another owner.
+# Confirm it before committing, so an accidental Ctrl+C doesn't silently switch
+# the whole install.
+confirm_prepare_for_another_owner() {
+  clear_logo
+  echo
+  say "This prepares the machine for another owner."
+  say --foreground 8 "The system installs now, but setup is delayed until first boot."
+  echo
+  gum confirm --affirmative "Yes, prepare for another owner" --negative "No, keep setting up" \
+    "Prepare this machine for another owner?"
+}

-# STEP 2: USER
+# The user step. Deferred-provisioning installs skip it entirely — the machine's first owner
+# picks their keyboard and creates their user in the first-boot setup, so the
+# operator sets nothing user-specific.

 user_form() {
  step "Let's setup your user account..."

-  while true; do
-    username=$(gum input --placeholder "Alphanumeric without spaces (like dhh)" --prompt.foreground="#845DF9" --prompt "Username> ") || abort
+  # Each prompt reports 0 (set), OMARCHY_FORM_BACK (Esc), or OMARCHY_FORM_SIGNAL
+  # (Ctrl+C). Both non-zero cases unwind to user_step, which decides what they
+  # mean here; the form itself never aborts.
+  omarchy_prompt_username || return $?
+  omarchy_prompt_password || return $?

-    if [[ "$username" =~ ^[a-z_][a-z0-9_-]*[$]?$ ]]; then
-      if [[ "$username" =~ ^(root|bin|daemon|mail|ftp|http|nobody|dbus|systemd-coredump|systemd-network|systemd-oom|systemd-journal-remote|systemd-resolve|systemd-timesync|tss|uuidd|alpm|git|avahi|cups|lp|_talkd|polkitd|rtkit|qemu|brltty|gluster|rpc|libvirt-qemu|pcscd|nvidia-persistenced|sddm)$ ]] ; then
-        notice "Username is reserved for system" 1
-      else
-        break
-      fi
-    else
-      notice "Username must be alphanumeric with no spaces" 1
-    fi
-  done
-
-  while true; do
-    password=$(gum input --placeholder "Used for user + root, and disk encryption when enabled" --prompt.foreground="#845DF9" --password --prompt "Password> ") || abort
-    password_confirmation=$(gum input --placeholder "Must match the password you just typed" --prompt.foreground="#845DF9" --password --prompt "Confirm> ") || abort
-
-    if [[ -n "$password" && "$password" == "$password_confirmation" ]]; then
-      break
-    elif [[ -z "$password" ]]; then
-      notice "Your password can't be blank!" 1
-    else
-      notice "Passwords didn't match!" 1
-    fi
-  done
-
-  # Hash the password using yescrypt
+  # Hash the password with SHA-512 crypt ($6$), which is what openssl passwd offers
  password_hash=$(printf '%s' "$password" | openssl passwd -6 -stdin)

-  full_name=$(gum input --placeholder "Used for git authentication (hit return to skip)" --prompt.foreground="#845DF9" --prompt "Full name> ")
-  email_address=$(gum input --placeholder "Used for git authentication (hit return to skip)" --prompt.foreground="#845DF9" --prompt "Email address> ")
-
-  while true; do
-    hostname=$(gum input --placeholder "Letters, digits, and dashes (or return for 'omarchy')" --prompt.foreground="#845DF9" --prompt "Hostname> ")
-
-    if [[ "$hostname" =~ ^[A-Za-z0-9]([A-Za-z0-9-]{0,61}[A-Za-z0-9])?$ ]]; then
-      break
-    elif [[ -z $hostname ]]; then
-      hostname="omarchy"
-      break
-    else
-      notice "Hostname must be 1-63 letters, digits, or dashes, and cannot start or end with a dash" 1
-    fi
-  done
-
-  # Pick timezone
-  geo_guessed_timezone=$(tzupdate -p 2>/dev/null)
-
-  if [[ -n $geo_guessed_timezone ]]; then
-    timezone=$(timedatectl list-timezones | gum choose --height 10 --selected "$geo_guessed_timezone" --header "Timezone") || abort
-  else
-    timezone=$(timedatectl list-timezones | gum filter --height 10 --header "Timezone") || abort
-  fi
+  omarchy_prompt_identity || return $?
+  omarchy_prompt_hostname || return $?
+  omarchy_prompt_timezone || return $?
 }

-user_form
+# Returns 0 on confirmed account details, or as soon as the keyboard screen
+# arms deferred provisioning.
+user_step() {
+  local status

-while true; do
-  # Add manual padding since gum table -p doesn't respect padding
-  echo -e "Field,Value
+  while true; do
+    user_form && status=0 || status=$?
+    if ((status != 0)); then
+      # Esc unwinds to the start of the form. Ctrl+C has no side channel in the
+      # user step (only the keyboard and disk screens give it a meaning), so it
+      # keeps its long-standing behaviour of ending the install.
+      ((status == OMARCHY_FORM_BACK)) || abort
+      keyboard_form
+      $defer_provisioning && return 0
+      continue
+    fi
+
+    # Add manual padding since gum table -p doesn't respect padding
+    echo -e "Field,Value
 Username,$username
 Password,$(printf "%${#password}s" | tr ' ' '*')
 Full name,${full_name:-[Skipped]}
@@ -209,16 +288,17 @@ Email address,${email_address:-[Skipped]}
 Hostname,$hostname
 Timezone,$timezone
 Keyboard,$keyboard" |
-    gum table -s "," -p | sed "s/^/${PADDING_LEFT_SPACES}/"
+      gum table -s "," -p | sed "s/^/${PADDING_LEFT_SPACES}/"

-  echo
-  if gum confirm --negative "No, change it" "Does this look right?"; then
-    break
-  else
-    keyboard_form
-    user_form
-  fi
-done
+    echo
+    if gum confirm --negative "No, change it" "Does this look right?"; then
+      break
+    else
+      keyboard_form
+      $defer_provisioning && return 0
+    fi
+  done
+}

 # STEP 3: DISK

@@ -347,11 +427,22 @@ wait_for_device() {

 # Save the configurator answers the installer consumes: git identity and
 # encryption choice as plain files, account details as archinstall credentials.
+# Deferred-provisioning installs defer the user to first boot: no credentials, and on encrypted
+# targets the orchestrator generates a throwaway LUKS passphrase itself.
 write_user_files() {
  echo "$full_name" >user_full_name.txt
  echo "$email_address" >user_email_address.txt
  printf '%s\n' "$encrypt_installation" >user_encrypt_installation.txt

+  if $defer_provisioning; then
+    cat <<-_EOF_ >user_credentials.json
+{
+    "users": []
+}
+_EOF_
+    return
+  fi
+
  local password_escaped password_hash_escaped username_escaped
  password_escaped=$(echo -n "$password" | jq -Rsa)
  password_hash_escaped=$(echo -n "$password_hash" | jq -Rsa)
@@ -413,17 +504,18 @@ not_enough_space() {
  return 1
 }

-run_partition_install() {
-  local dry=false
-  [[ "${1:-}" == "dry" ]] && dry=true
-
+# Decide half of the free-space install: checks, free-space analysis, and the
+# encryption confirm. Sets the globals run_partition_execute needs. Returns 1
+# to fall back to the install-mode picker.
+run_partition_decide() {
  step "Checking for BitLocker on $disk"
  local bl_part
  bl_part=$(detect_bitlocker || true)
  if [[ -n "$bl_part" ]]; then
    say --foreground 1 "BitLocker signature detected on $bl_part."
-    say "Suspend or disable BitLocker in Windows before installing alongside it."
-    abort "Aborted: BitLocker is active on this disk."
+    say "Turn BitLocker off in Windows and wait for the drive to finish decrypting, then try again."
+    say "Suspending BitLocker is not enough — the drive stays encrypted."
+    abort "Aborted: BitLocker is enabled on this disk."
  fi

  # Omarchy always creates its own dedicated ESP in free space and never
@@ -448,7 +540,8 @@ run_partition_install() {

  # An unlabeled disk has no partition table for parted to scan, so we
  # synthesize a whole-disk free region and mklabel gpt before mkpart.
-  local FREE_SPACE_INFO needs_mklabel=false pt_type disk_size_b
+  local FREE_SPACE_INFO pt_type disk_size_b
+  needs_mklabel=false
  pt_type=$(lsblk -dno PTTYPE "$disk" 2>/dev/null)
  if [[ -z "$pt_type" ]]; then
    disk_size_b=$(lsblk -bdno SIZE "$disk" 2>/dev/null)
@@ -491,7 +584,6 @@ run_partition_install() {
  local EFI_SIZE_B=$((2 * gib))
  local MIN_INSTALL_B=$((32 * gib))    # Minimum total Omarchy allocation

-  local EFI_START_B EFI_END_B ROOT_START_B ROOT_END_B
  EFI_START_B=$(( (FREE_START_B + ALIGN - 1) / ALIGN * ALIGN ))
  EFI_END_B=$((EFI_START_B + EFI_SIZE_B))
  ROOT_START_B=$(( (EFI_END_B + 1 + ALIGN - 1) / ALIGN * ALIGN ))
@@ -554,7 +646,6 @@ run_partition_install() {
    esac
  done

-  local esp_mount_in_target
  if [[ "$encrypt_installation" == "true" ]]; then
    esp_mount_in_target=/boot
  else
@@ -563,12 +654,11 @@ run_partition_install() {

  kernel_choice=$(detect_kernel)

-  local last_part efi_part_num root_part_num
+  local last_part
  last_part=$(lsblk -n -o PARTN "$disk" 2>/dev/null | grep -E '^[0-9]+$' | sort -n | tail -1)
  efi_part_num=$(( ${last_part:-0} + 1 ))
  root_part_num=$(( efi_part_num + 1 ))

-  local efi_dev root_partition_device root_mapper
  efi_dev=$(partition_path "$disk" "$efi_part_num")
  root_partition_device=$(partition_path "$disk" "$root_part_num")
  if [[ "$encrypt_installation" == "true" ]]; then
@@ -576,6 +666,14 @@ run_partition_install() {
  else
    root_mapper="$root_partition_device"
  fi
+}
+
+# Execute half of the free-space install: partition, format, mount, and write
+# the pre-mounted (protected) install configuration. Runs after the user step
+# so LUKS can be formatted with the user's password.
+run_partition_execute() {
+  local dry=false
+  [[ "${1:-}" == "dry" ]] && dry=true

  if $dry; then
    $needs_mklabel && say "[dry] would initialize GPT on $disk"
@@ -634,10 +732,6 @@ run_partition_install() {
    mount "$efi_dev" /mnt"$esp_mount_in_target"
  fi

-  clear
-
-  write_user_files
-
  local luks_uuid_json="null" luks_uuid
  if [[ "$encrypt_installation" == "true" ]]; then
    if $dry; then
@@ -716,10 +810,6 @@ run_partition_install() {
    "version": "3.0.9"
 }
 _EOF_
-
-  if $dry; then
-    print_dry_run_files
-  fi
 }

 disk_form() {
@@ -771,8 +861,7 @@ open_partition_tool() {
 }

 # If the disk has no partition table or no unallocated free space, the only
-# viable path is a full-disk install. Skip the install-mode picker and go
-# straight to confirmation.
+# viable paths write the whole disk, so the free-space mode is not offered.
 requires_full_disk_install() {
  local pt_type free_space_b
  pt_type=$(lsblk -dno PTTYPE "$disk" 2>/dev/null)
@@ -799,7 +888,7 @@ install_mode_form() {

  # The free-space/protected path registers an EFI boot entry and is UEFI-only.
  # Full-disk installs still support BIOS through the orchestrator's BIOS branch.
-  if [[ -d /sys/firmware/efi ]]; then
+  if [[ -d /sys/firmware/efi ]] && ! $full_disk_only; then
    choices+=("Free space install (alongside existing data)")
  fi
  choices+=("Choose a different disk")
@@ -846,30 +935,43 @@ confirm_disk_overwrite() {
  done
 }

+# Decide what and how to install: sets install_target (full_disk|free_space),
+# install_target and encrypt_installation. Nothing is written to disk yet —
+# the user step runs between this and the execution below. (deferred provisioning never
+# reaches here; it's armed by Ctrl+C on the keyboard screen and goes straight to
+# disk selection.)
 select_installation() {
  local full_disk_only

  while true; do
    if requires_full_disk_install; then
      full_disk_only=true
-      install_mode="Full disk install"
    else
      full_disk_only=false
+    fi
+
+    # With no free-space option to offer, a full-disk install is the only
+    # mode, so skip the picker and go straight to the overwrite confirm.
+    if $full_disk_only; then
+      install_mode="Full disk install"
+    else
      install_mode_form
    fi

    case "$install_mode" in
      "Full disk install")
        if confirm_disk_overwrite; then
+          install_target="full_disk"
          return 0
        fi
-        if $full_disk_only; then
-          disk_form
-        fi
+        # When the picker was skipped, declining the overwrite means the user
+        # wants a different disk.
+        $full_disk_only && disk_form
        ;;
-      "Free space install (alongside existing data)")
-        if run_partition_install "$@"; then
-          exit 0
+      "Free space install"*)
+        if run_partition_decide; then
+          install_target="free_space"
+          return 0
        fi
        ;;
      "Choose a different disk")
@@ -879,13 +981,67 @@ select_installation() {
  done
 }

-disk_form
-select_installation "$@"
+# STEP 1: KEYBOARD (Ctrl+C here arms deferred provisioning and jumps to disk selection)
+
+defer_provisioning=false
+install_target="full_disk"
+
+# Let the live VT reach its settled width before the first screen so the logo
+# isn't measured against the transient 80-column boot console.
+wait_for_stable_terminal
+
+greeter
+
+keyboard_form
+
+# Normal install: keyboard (loaded above, so the LUKS passphrase is typed under
+# the right layout) → user → disk → install mode. The user step can unwind to
+# the keyboard screen and arm deferral there, hence the second check.
+if ! $defer_provisioning; then
+  user_step
+fi
+
+if $defer_provisioning; then
+  # Deferred provisioning: no user setup, and the keyboard is deferred to the machine's first
+  # boot. A defined default keymap so it boots before then; the owner picks
+  # their real layout in the OOBE, which re-keys the console and, on encrypted
+  # installs, rebuilds the initramfs so the LUKS prompt matches.
+  keyboard="us"
+  username=""
+  password=""
+  password_hash=""
+  full_name=""
+  email_address=""
+  # Neutral defaults for the install; the owner overwrites both in the
+  # first-boot OOBE (omarchy-provision-owner).
+  hostname="omarchy"
+  timezone="UTC"
+
+  # Jump straight to disk selection + overwrite confirmation (encrypted by
+  # default, Ctrl+C toggles unencrypted). deferred provisioning is always a full-disk install.
+  disk_form
+  until confirm_disk_overwrite; do
+    disk_form
+  done
+  install_target="full_disk"
+else
+  disk_form
+  select_installation
+fi

 clear

 write_user_files

+if [[ $install_target == "free_space" ]]; then
+  run_partition_execute "$@"
+
+  if [[ ${1:-} == "dry" ]]; then
+    print_dry_run_files
+  fi
+  exit 0
+fi
+
 # Setup partition layout
 disk_size=$(lsblk -bdno SIZE "$disk")
 mib=$((1024 * 1024))
@@ -902,14 +1058,21 @@ main_partition_size=$((disk_size_in_mib - main_partition_start - gpt_backup_rese
 kernel_choice=$(detect_kernel)

 if [[ $encrypt_installation == true ]]; then
+  # Deferred-provisioning installs carry no password: the orchestrator generates a throwaway
+  # LUKS passphrase and stages it for the first-boot re-key.
+  if $defer_provisioning; then
+    encryption_password_line=""
+  else
+    encryption_password_line=",
+            \"encryption_password\": $(echo -n "$password" | jq -Rsa)"
+  fi
  disk_encryption_config=$(cat <<-_EOF_
 ,
        "disk_encryption": {
            "encryption_type": "luks",
            "lvm_volumes": [],
            "iter_time": 2000,
-            "partitions": [ "8c2c2b92-1070-455d-b76a-56263bab24aa" ],
-            "encryption_password": $(echo -n "$password" | jq -Rsa)
+            "partitions": [ "8c2c2b92-1070-455d-b76a-56263bab24aa" ]$encryption_password_line
        }
 _EOF_
 )
@@ -927,6 +1090,7 @@ cat <<-_EOF_ >user_configuration.json
    "custom_commands": [],
    "omarchy_install": {
        "mode": "full_disk",
+        "defer_provisioning": $defer_provisioning,
        "target_mount": "/mnt",
        "boot": {
            "esp_mount": "/boot",
@@ -11,6 +11,9 @@
 # Anything less than the pair means this isn't an autoinstall drive, and the
 # caller falls back to the wizard.
 #
+# A `defer-provisioning` marker file stands in for user_credentials.json: deferred-provisioning
+# installs defer user creation to first boot, so imaging rigs ship no credentials.
+#
 # The optional argument prefixes every path the script touches; tests use it to
 # run against a sandbox instead of the live system.

@@ -35,10 +38,20 @@ done
 mkdir -p "$mnt"
 mount -o ro "$device" "$mnt" || exit 1

+# Clear any inputs a previous load in this live session left in /root before
+# copying the current drive: a stale `defer-provisioning` marker or credentials file would
+# otherwise force a fresh drive back into deferred provisioning or hand it an old
+# LUKS passphrase. The interactive wizard writes these same names, but a
+# cidata load always precedes it, so nothing of the user's is discarded here.
+optional_inputs=(user_credentials.json defer-provisioning user_full_name.txt user_email_address.txt user_encrypt_installation.txt authorized_keys tailscale_authkey)
+for file in user_configuration.json "${optional_inputs[@]}"; do
+  rm -f "$dest/$file"
+done
+
 loaded=1
-if [[ -f $mnt/user_configuration.json && -f $mnt/user_credentials.json ]]; then
-  files=("$mnt"/user_configuration.json "$mnt"/user_credentials.json)
-  for file in user_full_name.txt user_email_address.txt user_encrypt_installation.txt authorized_keys tailscale_authkey; do
+if [[ -f $mnt/user_configuration.json ]] && [[ -f $mnt/user_credentials.json || -f $mnt/defer-provisioning ]]; then
+  files=("$mnt"/user_configuration.json)
+  for file in "${optional_inputs[@]}"; do
    [[ -f $mnt/$file ]] && files+=("$mnt/$file")
  done
  if cp "${files[@]}" "$dest"/; then
@@ -123,7 +123,16 @@ repeat() {

 logo_width() {
  if [[ -f $LOGO_PATH ]]; then
-    awk '{ if (length > max) max = length } END { print max+0 }' "$LOGO_PATH"
+    # The logo is drawn in box-drawing glyphs, three bytes each in UTF-8, so
+    # awk's `length` returns 197 rather than 81 unless the locale happens to be
+    # UTF-8 — and a width wider than the console makes left_padding clamp to
+    # zero, which puts the logo flush left. Count bytes deliberately (LC_ALL=C)
+    # and drop the continuation bytes instead, so the answer is columns in every
+    # locale rather than only in the ones that have a charset.
+    LC_ALL=C awk '
+      { gsub(/[\200-\277]/, ""); if (length > max) max = length }
+      END { print max+0 }
+    ' "$LOGO_PATH"
  else
    printf '81\n'
  fi
@@ -142,8 +151,18 @@ LOGO_HEIGHT="$(logo_height)"
 (( LOGO_WIDTH > 0 )) || LOGO_WIDTH=81
 (( LOGO_HEIGHT > 0 )) || LOGO_HEIGHT=1
 CONTENT_WIDTH="$LOGO_WIDTH"
+# Rows the progress screen occupies: logo, blank, title, blank, bar, blank, tip.
+PROGRESS_HEIGHT=$((LOGO_HEIGHT + 6))
+TOP_ROW=1
 DYNAMIC_ROW=$((LOGO_HEIGHT + 3))
+LAST_SIZE=""
 LAST_PM=10
+# The finish screen mirrors the greeter's frame — logo, blank, one line, gap,
+# one button — so the last thing the installer shows matches the first. It runs
+# one row taller: `gum confirm` always paints prompt/blank/button and clears all
+# three, so the button cannot sit closer than two rows under a title we drew.
+FINISH_HEIGHT=$((LOGO_HEIGHT + 5))
+FINISH_TOP_ROW=2

 # ── Install progress ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 #
@@ -321,11 +340,13 @@ install_progress() {
    "Installing Arch + Omarchy")  lo=65  hi=700  tau=150 pkg_signal=1 ;;
    "Configuring hibernation")    lo=700 hi=720  tau=10  ;;
    "Configuring system")         lo=720 hi=850  tau=120 ;;
-    "Finalizing Limine boot")     lo=850 hi=950  tau=90  ;;
+    "Staging provisioning")          lo=850 hi=855  tau=5   ;;
+    "Finalizing Limine boot")     lo=855 hi=950  tau=90  ;;
    "Finalizing user")            lo=950 hi=978  tau=30  ;;
    "Configuring login")          lo=978 hi=988  tau=5   ;;
    "Configuring DNS resolver")   lo=988 hi=994  tau=5   ;;
-    "Validating boot setup")      lo=994 hi=1000 tau=5   ;;
+    "Validating boot setup")      lo=994 hi=998  tau=5   ;;
+    "Creating factory snapshot")  lo=998 hi=1000 tau=5   ;;
    *)
      # Unknown names used to inherit a 1->99 sweep. Derive an even band from
      # the published index instead; with no index, a bounded slice, so a
@@ -387,15 +408,40 @@ current_tip() {
  printf '%s' "${tips[$(( (NOW - DASH_T0) / 8 % ${#tips[@]} ))]}"
 }

+# Vertically center a block of the given height, echoing the row it starts on.
+# Both screens here center the way the configurator's greeter centers its
+# welcome, so the install opens, runs, and closes on the same composition
+# rather than stacking each frame from row one.
+centered_top_row() {
+  local height="$1" rows top
+  rows="$(term_size)"
+  rows="${rows%% *}"
+  [[ $rows =~ ^[0-9]+$ ]] || rows=24
+  top=$(( (rows - height) / 2 ))
+  (( top < 0 )) && top=0
+  printf '%d' "$(( top + 1 ))"
+}
+
+measure_progress_layout() {
+  LAST_SIZE="$(term_size)"
+  TOP_ROW="$(centered_top_row "$PROGRESS_HEIGHT")"
+  DYNAMIC_ROW=$(( TOP_ROW + LOGO_HEIGHT + 1 ))
+}
+
 render_static() {
-  printf '%s' "$CLEAR"
-  blank_line
+  measure_progress_layout
+  printf '%s%s%d;1H' "$CLEAR" "$CSI" "$TOP_ROW"
  render_logo
  blank_line
 }

 render_dynamic() {
  local pm
+  # The console can still resize under us (the framebuffer settles late in VMs).
+  # Horizontal padding is recomputed every frame anyway, but the logo is drawn
+  # once, so redraw the static half at the new center rather than leave the
+  # centered layout stranded against a stale geometry.
+  [[ "$(term_size)" == "$LAST_SIZE" ]] || render_static
  set_now
  install_progress
  pm=$PROGRESS_PM
@@ -450,30 +496,45 @@ render_finish() {
  local duration effect_canvas_width
  duration="$(install_duration || true)"
  duration="${duration:-Complete}"
+  # ttfx centers its text two columns right of plain centering, so hand it a
+  # canvas two columns narrower and the animated logo lands exactly on the
+  # static one left_padding already drew. Otherwise the logo jumps a column
+  # sideways when the effect starts and again when it ends.
  effect_canvas_width="$(term_cols)"
-  (( effect_canvas_width > 1 )) && effect_canvas_width=$((effect_canvas_width - 1))
+  (( effect_canvas_width > 2 )) && effect_canvas_width=$((effect_canvas_width - 2))
+
+  # Set before anything that can fail, so reboot_prompt still lands on the
+  # button row even if the logo or the effect below never renders.
+  FINISH_TOP_ROW="$(centered_top_row "$FINISH_HEIGHT")"

  {
-    printf '%s%s' "$SHOW_CURSOR" "$CLEAR"
-    blank_line
+    printf '%s%s%s%d;1H' "$SHOW_CURSOR" "$CLEAR" "$CSI" "$FINISH_TOP_ROW"
    render_logo
    blank_line
    center "Installed Omarchy in ${duration}" "$CONTENT_WIDTH"
    blank_line
  } >"$TTY_PATH"

-  if command -v tte >/dev/null 2>&1 && command -v timeout >/dev/null 2>&1 && [[ -f $LOGO_PATH ]]; then
-    # TTE reuse mode restores a saved cursor before moving up over its input.
-    # Save this anchor so the effect redraws the same logo rows shown above.
-    printf '%s%d;1H\0337' "$CSI" "$((LOGO_HEIGHT + 2))" >"$TTY_PATH"
-    timeout 8s tte -i "$LOGO_PATH" \
+  if [[ -f $LOGO_PATH ]]; then
+    # Reuse mode restores a saved cursor before moving up over its input. Save
+    # this anchor so the effect redraws the same logo rows shown above.
+    printf '%s%d;1H\0337' "$CSI" "$((FINISH_TOP_ROW + LOGO_HEIGHT))" >"$TTY_PATH"
+    # Laseretch runs ~4s at 260fps, so the 8s cap is a stuck-process guard rather
+    # than a trim. --xterm-colors keeps the whole effect in the 256-index palette
+    # the way the greeter does, since the console reduces indexed codes well and
+    # truecolor ones badly, and it settles on indexed 2 — the green gum already
+    # drew the logo in above, so the send-off ends on the frame it started from
+    # instead of recoloring it. The laser and sparks keep their own hot palette.
+    timeout 8s ttfx -i "$LOGO_PATH" \
      --canvas-width "$effect_canvas_width" \
      --anchor-text c \
      --frame-rate 260 \
      --reuse-canvas \
+      --xterm-colors \
      laseretch \
-      >"$TTY_PATH" 2>/dev/null || true
-    printf '%s%d;1H' "$CSI" "$((LOGO_HEIGHT + 8))" >"$TTY_PATH"
+      --final-gradient-stops 2 \
+      >"$TTY_PATH" 2>/dev/null || dashboard_log "logo effect skipped (ttfx exited $?)"
+    printf '%s%d;1H' "$CSI" "$((FINISH_TOP_ROW + LOGO_HEIGHT + 5))" >"$TTY_PATH"
  fi
 }

@@ -484,8 +545,10 @@ reboot_prompt() {
  # applies, so setting both stops on the finish screen without a keyboard.
  interactive || return 0

-  # Position the cursor one blank line below the title so the button sits right there.
-  printf '%s%d;1H%s' "$CSI" "$((LOGO_HEIGHT + 5))" "$CLEAR_LINE" >"$TTY_PATH"
+  # gum paints its prompt row at the cursor and the button two rows under it, so
+  # anchor on the row right below the title to put the button as close to it as
+  # gum allows. FINISH_HEIGHT budgets for the same three rows.
+  printf '%s%d;1H%s' "$CSI" "$((FINISH_TOP_ROW + LOGO_HEIGHT + 2))" "$CLEAR_LINE" >"$TTY_PATH"

  prompt_pad=$(( ( $(term_cols) - 18 ) / 2 ))
  (( prompt_pad < 0 )) && prompt_pad=0
@@ -734,6 +797,17 @@ if (( status != 0 )); then
  exit "$failure_status"
 fi

+# Deferred-provisioning installs finish silently and reboot on their own — the
+# owner completes setup (and sees the send-off) at first boot, so the "Installed
+# Omarchy in ..." celebration and the Reboot Now prompt belong to a direct
+# install only.
+if [[ ${OMARCHY_UI_DEFER_PROVISIONING:-} == "yes" ]]; then
+  printf '%s' "$CLEAR" >"$TTY_PATH" 2>/dev/null || true
+  [[ ${OMARCHY_UI_AUTO_REBOOT:-} == "no" ]] && exit 0
+  reboot 2>/dev/null || systemctl reboot 2>/dev/null || true
+  exit 0
+fi
+
 set +e
 render_finish
 finish_render_status=$?
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ while [[ $# -gt 0 ]]; do
    --encrypt-file)         export OMARCHY_INSTALL_ENCRYPT_FILE="$2"; shift 2 ;;
    --authorized-keys-file) export OMARCHY_INSTALL_AUTHORIZED_KEYS_FILE="$2"; shift 2 ;;
    --tailscale-authkey-file) export OMARCHY_INSTALL_TAILSCALE_AUTHKEY_FILE="$2"; shift 2 ;;
+    --defer-provisioning-file)             export OMARCHY_INSTALL_DEFER_PROVISIONING_FILE="$2"; shift 2 ;;
    *)                      echo "omarchy-iso-install: unknown arg $1" >&2; exit 2 ;;
  esac
 done
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ from __future__ import annotations

 import json
 import os
+import secrets
 from dataclasses import dataclass, field
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Any
@@ -25,6 +26,7 @@ class InstallContext:
    user_credentials: dict
    arch_config_path: Path
    omarchy_install: dict[str, Any]
+    defer_provisioning: bool = False

    target: Path = Path("/mnt")
    omarchy_path: Path = Path("/usr/share/omarchy")
@@ -48,10 +50,54 @@ class InstallContext:
        user_configuration = json.loads(config_path.read_text())
        omarchy_install = user_configuration.get("omarchy_install") or _default_omarchy_install(user_configuration)

+        # Deferred provisioning: the whole system installs but user creation is deferred to
+        # first boot. Selected by the configurator (omarchy_install.defer_provisioning) or by
+        # an `defer-provisioning` marker file on an autoinstall drive, which also replaces the
+        # user_credentials.json requirement.
+        defer_provisioning_marker = _optional_path(os.environ.get("OMARCHY_INSTALL_DEFER_PROVISIONING_FILE"))
+        defer_provisioning = bool(omarchy_install.get("defer_provisioning")) or defer_provisioning_marker is not None
+        omarchy_install["defer_provisioning"] = defer_provisioning
+
+        if creds_path.exists():
+            user_credentials = json.loads(creds_path.read_text())
+        elif defer_provisioning:
+            user_credentials = {"users": []}
+        else:
+            raise RuntimeError(f"credentials file missing: {creds_path}")
+
+        if defer_provisioning:
+            # Deferred provisioning promises no account until first boot. A supplied
+            # credentials file (a rig handing over its LUKS passphrase) must
+            # not smuggle in users or a root password.
+            encryption_password = user_credentials.get("encryption_password")
+            user_credentials = {"users": []}
+            if encryption_password:
+                user_credentials["encryption_password"] = encryption_password
+
        arch_configuration = dict(user_configuration)
        arch_configuration.pop("omarchy_install", None)
+
+        if defer_provisioning:
+            # The userless invariant covers the archinstall config too: a
+            # combined/legacy config could carry account authentication that
+            # archinstall would still act on (users, a root password). Strip
+            # every such field so no account is created before first boot.
+            _strip_account_fields(arch_configuration)
+
        state_dir = Path(os.environ.get("OMARCHY_INSTALL_STATE_DIR", "/run/omarchy-install"))
        state_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+
+        if defer_provisioning:
+            # Encrypted deferred-provisioning installs have no user password to protect LUKS
+            # with. Generate a throwaway passphrase (staged for first-boot
+            # re-key by the stage_provisioning_state phase) and hand it to archinstall
+            # through both places it may look: the disk_encryption block and
+            # the credentials file.
+            _inject_provisioning_encryption_password(arch_configuration, user_credentials)
+            creds_path = state_dir / "provisioning-user_credentials.json"
+            creds_path.write_text(json.dumps(user_credentials, indent=2) + "\n")
+            creds_path.chmod(0o600)
+
        arch_config_path = state_dir / "archinstall-user_configuration.json"
        arch_config_path.write_text(json.dumps(arch_configuration, indent=2) + "\n")

@@ -64,9 +110,10 @@ class InstallContext:
            authorized_keys_path=_optional_path(os.environ.get("OMARCHY_INSTALL_AUTHORIZED_KEYS_FILE")),
            tailscale_authkey_path=_optional_path(os.environ.get("OMARCHY_INSTALL_TAILSCALE_AUTHKEY_FILE")),
            user_configuration=user_configuration,
-            user_credentials=json.loads(creds_path.read_text()),
+            user_credentials=user_credentials,
            arch_config_path=arch_config_path,
            omarchy_install=omarchy_install,
+            defer_provisioning=defer_provisioning,
            state_dir=state_dir,
        )
        disk_config = user_configuration.get("disk_config", {})
@@ -77,7 +124,12 @@ class InstallContext:

    @property
    def username(self) -> str:
-        return self.user_credentials["users"][0]["username"]
+        users = self.user_credentials.get("users") or []
+        if users:
+            return users[0]["username"]
+        if self.defer_provisioning:
+            return ""
+        raise RuntimeError("user_credentials.json contains no users")

    @property
    def mode(self) -> str:
@@ -91,6 +143,38 @@ class InstallContext:
        return self.mode == "protected"


+def _strip_account_fields(arch_configuration: dict) -> None:
+    """Remove every field archinstall reads to create users or set a root
+    password, so it cannot ship a hidden provisioning account.
+    Encryption material lives elsewhere (disk_config.disk_encryption) and is
+    untouched."""
+    for key in ("!users", "!root-password", "root_enc_password", "users"):
+        arch_configuration.pop(key, None)
+
+    auth = arch_configuration.get("auth_config")
+    if isinstance(auth, dict):
+        for key in ("users", "root_enc_password"):
+            auth.pop(key, None)
+
+
+def _inject_provisioning_encryption_password(arch_configuration: dict, user_credentials: dict) -> None:
+    """Ensure an encrypted deferred-provisioning install has a LUKS passphrase archinstall can
+    use. Reuse one the input already carries (an autoinstall rig may supply
+    its own); otherwise generate a throwaway. Mutates the disk_encryption
+    block in place — arch_configuration shares it with user_configuration, so
+    the stage_provisioning_state phase can read the effective passphrase back."""
+    disk_encryption = (arch_configuration.get("disk_config") or {}).get("disk_encryption")
+    if disk_encryption is None:
+        return
+
+    password = disk_encryption.get("encryption_password") or user_credentials.get("encryption_password")
+    if not password:
+        password = secrets.token_urlsafe(24)
+
+    disk_encryption["encryption_password"] = password
+    user_credentials["encryption_password"] = password
+
+
 def _default_omarchy_install(user_configuration: dict) -> dict[str, Any]:
    disk_config = user_configuration.get("disk_config", {})
    mode = "protected" if disk_config.get("config_type") == "pre_mounted_config" else "full_disk"
@@ -18,8 +18,9 @@ from pathlib import Path
 def configure_keyboard(target: Path, language: str) -> bool:
    """Write the console keymap into a mounted target without booting it.

-    Returns False for layouts localectl doesn't know (the configurator offers
-    two, ba and khmer), matching archinstall: warn and keep the default.
+    Returns False for layouts localectl doesn't know, matching archinstall:
+    warn and keep the default. Every layout the configurator offers is known;
+    the guard is for the kb_layout an autoinstall drive can name freely.
    """
    if not language.strip():
        return True
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ def build_phases(ctx: InstallContext):
        arch_install_system,
        configure_hibernation,
        run_system_finalizer,
+        stage_provisioning_state,
        finalize_limine_boot,
        run_chroot_finalizer,
        configure_dns_resolver,
@@ -41,6 +42,7 @@ def build_phases(ctx: InstallContext):
        configure_ssh_access,
        configure_tailscale,
        validate_boot,
+        create_factory_snapshot,
    )

    return [
@@ -49,6 +51,9 @@ def build_phases(ctx: InstallContext):
        ("Installing Arch + Omarchy",  arch_install_system),
        ("Configuring hibernation",    configure_hibernation),
        ("Configuring system",         run_system_finalizer),
+        # Before finalize_limine_boot: the deferred-provisioning cryptkey drop-in and keyfile
+        # must be in place for the final UKI build.
+        ("Staging provisioning",          stage_provisioning_state),
        ("Finalizing Limine boot",     finalize_limine_boot),
        ("Finalizing user",            run_chroot_finalizer),
        ("Configuring login",          configure_login),
@@ -56,6 +61,7 @@ def build_phases(ctx: InstallContext):
        ("Configuring Tailscale",      configure_tailscale),
        ("Configuring DNS resolver",   configure_dns_resolver),
        ("Validating boot setup",      validate_boot),
+        ("Creating factory snapshot",  create_factory_snapshot),
    ]


@@ -66,7 +72,8 @@ def main() -> int:
        error(f"Configuration error: {e}")
        return 2

-    info(f"Installing Omarchy for {ctx.username} → {ctx.target}")
+    who = ctx.username or "deferred provisioning (user created at first boot)"
+    info(f"Installing Omarchy for {who} → {ctx.target}")

    from .phases_impl import (
        boost_cpu_governor,
@@ -11,9 +11,9 @@ Phase ordering (full-disk and protected/pre-mounted):
                             base install, early Omarchy packages, Limine setup,
                             useradd, runtime Omarchy packages, fstab
    configure_hibernation  → root-owned swap/resume drop-ins
-    run_system_finalizer   → arch-chroot root omarchy-setup-system, including Snapper
+    run_system_finalizer   → arch-chroot root omarchy-apply-system, including Snapper
    finalize_limine_boot   → final Limine config/UKI build after hardware drop-ins
-    run_chroot_finalizer   → arch-chroot -u user omarchy-finalize-user
+    run_chroot_finalizer   → arch-chroot -u user omarchy-provision-user
    configure_login        → sddm state + encrypted-install autologin
    configure_ssh_access   → authorized_keys for autoinstall; no-op otherwise
    configure_tailscale    → tailnet join staged for first boot; no-op otherwise
@@ -598,7 +598,7 @@ DEFERRED_BOOT_HOOKS = (
 # limine-entry-tool's 90-mkinitcpio-install.hook triggers on usr/lib/firmware/*,
 # usr/src/*/dkms.conf and usr/lib/modules/*/pkgbase, and anything but a
 # usr/lib/modules path makes it rebuild the initramfs and UKI for EVERY
-# installed kernel. omarchy-setup-system's hardware scripts routinely install
+# installed kernel. omarchy-apply-system's hardware scripts routinely install
 # such packages (sof-firmware on Intel audio, nvidia-open-dkms, linux-ptl on
 # Panther Lake, linux-t2 on Macs), so the phase can pay for several full UKI
 # builds. finalize_limine_boot runs limine-update right after, which pipes
@@ -1005,8 +1005,8 @@ def _debug_run(ctx: InstallContext, cmd: list[str]) -> None:
 #  1. point the target at the offline pacman.conf
 #  2. bind-mount the offline mirror + /opt/packages into /mnt for target pacman
 #     and bundled language runtimes
-#  3. arch-chroot as root → omarchy-setup-system --first-install
-#  4. arch-chroot as user → omarchy-finalize-user --first-install
+#  3. arch-chroot as root → omarchy-apply-system --first-install
+#  4. arch-chroot as user → omarchy-provision-user --first-install
 # ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 def _prepare_target_setup(ctx: InstallContext) -> None:
@@ -1136,16 +1136,142 @@ def _run_target_setup_command(ctx: InstallContext, cmd: list[str], *, user: str


 def run_system_finalizer(ctx: InstallContext) -> None:
+    if ctx.defer_provisioning:
+        cmd = ["/usr/bin/omarchy-apply-system", "--defer-provisioning", "--first-install"]
+    else:
+        cmd = ["/usr/bin/omarchy-apply-system", "--install-user", ctx.username, "--first-install"]
+
    _mask_mkinitcpio_pacman_hooks(ctx, ctx.target, TARGET_DEFERRED_BOOT_HOOKS)
    try:
-        _run_target_setup_command(
-            ctx,
-            ["/usr/bin/omarchy-setup-system", "--install-user", ctx.username, "--first-install"],
-        )
+        _run_target_setup_command(ctx, cmd)
    finally:
        _unmask_mkinitcpio_pacman_hooks(ctx, ctx.target, TARGET_DEFERRED_BOOT_HOOKS)


+# ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+# stage_provisioning_state: produce the on-disk "provisioning state" the runtime's first-boot
+# setup (omarchy-provision-owner) and factory reset (omarchy-system-factory-reset) consume.
+#
+# Every install stashes the bundled Node tarball in /var/lib/omarchy/provisioning/
+# so a later factory reset can finalize the new owner's user offline. deferred-provisioning
+# installs additionally arm the first-boot setup service and, on encrypted
+# targets, stage the throwaway LUKS passphrase: the keyfile embedded in the
+# initramfs auto-unlocks boot during the provisioning window, and first-boot setup
+# re-keys the volume to the owner's password and removes it.
+#
+# Runs before finalize_limine_boot so the cryptkey cmdline drop-in and the
+# keyfile land in the final UKI build.
+# ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+PROVISION_STATE_DIR = "var/lib/omarchy/provisioning"
+PROVISION_KEYFILE = "etc/omarchy/provisioning.key"
+NODE_PACKAGES_DIR = Path("/opt/packages")
+
+
+def stage_provisioning_state(ctx: InstallContext) -> None:
+    # World-readable: first-boot finalization reads the Node tarball as the
+    # new user. The only secret inside (luks-key) is itself 0600 root.
+    provisioning_dir = ctx.target / PROVISION_STATE_DIR
+    provisioning_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    provisioning_dir.chmod(0o755)
+
+    _stage_node_tarball(ctx, provisioning_dir)
+
+    if not ctx.defer_provisioning:
+        return
+
+    service_src = ctx.target / "usr/share/omarchy/install/provisioning/omarchy-provision-owner.service"
+    setup_bin = ctx.target / "usr/bin/omarchy-provision-owner"
+    if not service_src.exists() or not setup_bin.exists():
+        raise RuntimeError(
+            "deferred-provisioning install requested, but the installed Omarchy runtime does not ship "
+            "first-boot setup (omarchy-provision-owner + install/provisioning/omarchy-provision-owner.service). "
+            "Update the runtime package this ISO bundles before installing in deferred provisioning."
+        )
+
+    info("› arming first-boot setup")
+    (provisioning_dir / "pending").touch()
+
+    unit_dst = ctx.target / "etc/systemd/system/omarchy-provision-owner.service"
+    unit_dst.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    shutil.copy2(service_src, unit_dst)
+    wants_dir = ctx.target / "etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants"
+    wants_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    link = wants_dir / "omarchy-provision-owner.service"
+    link.unlink(missing_ok=True)
+    link.symlink_to("/etc/systemd/system/omarchy-provision-owner.service")
+
+    if _provision_install_encrypted(ctx):
+        _stage_provisioning_luks_unlock(ctx, provisioning_dir)
+
+
+def _stage_node_tarball(ctx: InstallContext, provisioning_dir) -> None:
+    tarballs = sorted(NODE_PACKAGES_DIR.glob("node-v*-linux-x64.tar.gz"))
+    if not tarballs:
+        # Hard error on every install, not just deferred-provisioning installs: the stash is what lets a
+        # later factory reset finalize the next owner offline, and an ISO
+        # build always bundles the tarball — its absence means a broken build.
+        raise RuntimeError(
+            f"no bundled Node tarball in {NODE_PACKAGES_DIR} — first-boot setup "
+            "and factory reset could not finalize a user offline"
+        )
+
+    packages_dir = provisioning_dir / "packages"
+    packages_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    target_tarball = packages_dir / tarballs[0].name
+    if not target_tarball.exists():
+        info("› stashing Node tarball for offline first-boot setup")
+        shutil.copy2(tarballs[0], target_tarball)
+
+
+def _provision_install_encrypted(ctx: InstallContext) -> bool:
+    if _storage_intent(ctx).get("luks_uuid"):
+        return True
+    disk_encryption = (ctx.user_configuration.get("disk_config") or {}).get("disk_encryption")
+    if disk_encryption and disk_encryption.get("encryption_type", "luks") != "no_encryption":
+        return True
+    return ctx.encrypt
+
+
+def _provision_encryption_password(ctx: InstallContext) -> str | None:
+    disk_encryption = (ctx.user_configuration.get("disk_config") or {}).get("disk_encryption") or {}
+    return disk_encryption.get("encryption_password") or ctx.user_credentials.get("encryption_password")
+
+
+def _stage_provisioning_luks_unlock(ctx: InstallContext, provisioning_dir) -> None:
+    password = _provision_encryption_password(ctx)
+    if not password:
+        # Full-disk deferred-provisioning installs get a generated passphrase injected by
+        # InstallContext; only a pre-mounted (rig-partitioned) LUKS target can
+        # land here, and it must hand over the passphrase it formatted with.
+        raise RuntimeError(
+            "deferred-provisioning install on a pre-encrypted target requires the LUKS passphrase "
+            "in user_credentials.json (encryption_password) so first boot can re-key"
+        )
+
+    info("› staging LUKS auto-unlock for the provisioning window")
+
+    # Byte-for-byte the slot passphrase: no trailing newline anywhere.
+    luks_key = provisioning_dir / "luks-key"
+    luks_key.write_text(password)
+    luks_key.chmod(0o600)
+
+    keyfile = ctx.target / PROVISION_KEYFILE
+    keyfile.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    keyfile.write_text(password)
+    keyfile.chmod(0o600)
+
+    cmdline_dropin = ctx.target / "etc/limine-entry-tool.d/99-omarchy-provisioning-unlock.conf"
+    cmdline_dropin.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    cmdline_dropin.write_text(
+        'KERNEL_CMDLINE[default]+=" cryptkey=rootfs:/etc/omarchy/provisioning.key"\n'
+    )
+
+    files_dropin = ctx.target / "etc/mkinitcpio.conf.d/99-omarchy-provisioning-key.conf"
+    files_dropin.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    files_dropin.write_text("FILES+=(/etc/omarchy/provisioning.key)\n")
+
+
 def finalize_limine_boot(ctx: InstallContext) -> None:
    """Finalize Limine after target system setup has written all dynamic
    boot drop-ins (hibernation, hardware quirks, protected-mode ESP settings).
@@ -1239,9 +1365,13 @@ def _limine_kernel_cmdline(config_text: str) -> str:


 def run_chroot_finalizer(ctx: InstallContext) -> None:
+    if ctx.defer_provisioning:
+        info("› deferred-provisioning install: user finalization deferred to first boot")
+        return
+
    _run_target_setup_command(
        ctx,
-        ["/usr/bin/omarchy-finalize-user", "--force", "--first-install"],
+        ["/usr/bin/omarchy-provision-user", "--force", "--first-install"],
        user=ctx.username,
    )

@@ -1285,29 +1415,32 @@ def configure_login(ctx: InstallContext) -> None:
    )

    autologin_conf = sddm_dir / "autologin.conf"
-    if ctx.encrypt:
+    if ctx.encrypt and not ctx.defer_provisioning:
        autologin_conf.write_text(
            "[Autologin]\n"
            f"User={ctx.username}\n"
            "Session=omarchy.desktop\n"
        )
    else:
+        # deferred-provisioning installs have no user yet; omarchy-provision-owner writes autologin
+        # and SDDM state at first boot once the owner exists.
        autologin_conf.unlink(missing_ok=True)

-    state_dir = ctx.target / "var" / "lib" / "sddm"
-    state_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
-    (state_dir / "state.conf").write_text(
-        f"[Last]\nSession=omarchy.desktop\nUser={ctx.username}\n"
-    )
+    if not ctx.defer_provisioning:
+        state_dir = ctx.target / "var" / "lib" / "sddm"
+        state_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+        (state_dir / "state.conf").write_text(
+            f"[Last]\nSession=omarchy.desktop\nUser={ctx.username}\n"
+        )
+        subprocess.run(
+            ["arch-chroot", str(ctx.target), "chown", "sddm:sddm",
+             "/var/lib/sddm", "/var/lib/sddm/state.conf"],
+            check=False, capture_output=True,
+        )

    autologin = ctx.target / "etc" / "systemd" / "system" / "getty@tty1.service.d" / "autologin.conf"
    autologin.unlink(missing_ok=True)

-    subprocess.run(
-        ["arch-chroot", str(ctx.target), "chown", "sddm:sddm",
-         "/var/lib/sddm", "/var/lib/sddm/state.conf"],
-        check=False, capture_output=True,
-    )
    subprocess.run(
        ["arch-chroot", str(ctx.target), "systemctl", "enable", "sddm.service"],
        check=False, capture_output=True,
@@ -1326,24 +1459,36 @@ def configure_ssh_access(ctx: InstallContext) -> None:
        return

    keys = _authorized_keys(ctx.authorized_keys_path)
-    info(f"› installing {len(keys)} SSH key(s) for {ctx.username}")

-    ssh_dir = ctx.target / "home" / ctx.username / ".ssh"
-    ssh_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
-    ssh_dir.chmod(0o700)
+    if ctx.defer_provisioning:
+        # No user to authorize yet. Stage the keys in provisioning state for
+        # omarchy-provision-owner to install once first boot creates the owner, and
+        # still open the door (sshd + ufw) below.
+        info(f"› staging {len(keys)} SSH key(s) for the first-boot user")
+        provisioning_dir = ctx.target / PROVISION_STATE_DIR
+        provisioning_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+        staged = provisioning_dir / "authorized_keys"
+        staged.write_text("".join(f"{key}\n" for key in keys))
+        staged.chmod(0o600)
+    else:
+        info(f"› installing {len(keys)} SSH key(s) for {ctx.username}")

-    authorized_keys = ssh_dir / "authorized_keys"
-    authorized_keys.write_text("".join(f"{key}\n" for key in keys))
-    authorized_keys.chmod(0o600)
+        ssh_dir = ctx.target / "home" / ctx.username / ".ssh"
+        ssh_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+        ssh_dir.chmod(0o700)

-    # Ask the target for the uid rather than assuming the first user is 1000.
-    # Uncaptured so a failure shows up in the install log, and checked because
-    # a root-owned authorized_keys is one sshd refuses to read.
-    subprocess.run(
-        ["arch-chroot", str(ctx.target), "chown", "-R",
-         f"{ctx.username}:{ctx.username}", f"/home/{ctx.username}/.ssh"],
-        check=True,
-    )
+        authorized_keys = ssh_dir / "authorized_keys"
+        authorized_keys.write_text("".join(f"{key}\n" for key in keys))
+        authorized_keys.chmod(0o600)
+
+        # Ask the target for the uid rather than assuming the first user is 1000.
+        # Uncaptured so a failure shows up in the install log, and checked because
+        # a root-owned authorized_keys is one sshd refuses to read.
+        subprocess.run(
+            ["arch-chroot", str(ctx.target), "chown", "-R",
+             f"{ctx.username}:{ctx.username}", f"/home/{ctx.username}/.ssh"],
+            check=True,
+        )

    info("› enabling sshd")
    subprocess.run(
@@ -1550,6 +1695,34 @@ def validate_boot(ctx: InstallContext) -> None:
    if ctx.is_protected:
        _validate_pre_mounted_filesystems(ctx)

+    if ctx.defer_provisioning:
+        _validate_provisioning_state(ctx)
+
+
+def _validate_provisioning_state(ctx: InstallContext) -> None:
+    """An deferred-provisioning install that boots without a working first-boot setup is a
+    user-less brick; insist the armed state is complete before reboot."""
+    provisioning_dir = ctx.target / PROVISION_STATE_DIR
+    if not (provisioning_dir / "pending").exists():
+        raise RuntimeError(f"deferred-provisioning install but {provisioning_dir / 'pending'} is missing")
+
+    link = ctx.target / "etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/omarchy-provision-owner.service"
+    if not link.is_symlink():
+        raise RuntimeError("deferred-provisioning install but omarchy-provision-owner.service is not enabled")
+
+    if not list((provisioning_dir / "packages").glob("node-v*.tar.gz")):
+        raise RuntimeError(f"deferred-provisioning install but no Node tarball staged in {provisioning_dir / 'packages'}")
+
+    if _provision_install_encrypted(ctx):
+        for required in (provisioning_dir / "luks-key", ctx.target / PROVISION_KEYFILE):
+            if not required.exists():
+                raise RuntimeError(f"encrypted deferred-provisioning install but {required} is missing")
+        limine_conf_text = (
+            ctx.target / _boot_intent(ctx)["esp_mount"].lstrip("/") / "limine.conf"
+        ).read_text()
+        if "cryptkey=rootfs:" not in limine_conf_text:
+            raise RuntimeError("encrypted deferred-provisioning install but limine.conf has no cryptkey= for auto-unlock")
+

 def _assert_boot_hooks_restored(ctx: InstallContext) -> None:
    """Never hand over a system whose UKI rebuild hook is still masked.
@@ -1607,6 +1780,90 @@ def _validate_pre_mounted_filesystems(ctx: InstallContext) -> None:
            raise RuntimeError(f"{crypttab} missing LUKS UUID {storage['luks_uuid']}")


+# ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+# create_factory_snapshot: read-only snapshot of @ kept at the btrfs top level
+# as @factory — outside snapper's .snapshots, so cleanup timers and the Limine
+# snapshot menu never touch it. Zero bytes at creation; grows only with drift.
+# Taken at the end of every install, it is what makes omarchy-system-factory-reset a
+# true factory reset.
+# ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+def create_factory_snapshot(ctx: InstallContext) -> None:
+    fstype = _findmnt_value(ctx.target, "FSTYPE")
+    if fstype != "btrfs":
+        info(f"› target root is {fstype or 'unknown'}, not btrfs; skipping factory snapshot")
+        return
+
+    options = (_findmnt_value(ctx.target, "OPTIONS") or "").split(",")
+    if not any(opt in ("subvol=/@", "subvol=@") for opt in options):
+        info("› target root is not the @ subvolume; skipping factory snapshot")
+        return
+
+    device = (_findmnt_value(ctx.target, "SOURCE") or "").split("[")[0]
+    if not device:
+        raise RuntimeError(f"could not determine the btrfs device backing {ctx.target}")
+
+    top = ctx.state_dir / "factory-top"
+    top.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    subprocess.run(["mount", "-o", "subvolid=5", device, str(top)], check=True)
+    try:
+        root_subvol = top / "@"
+        if not root_subvol.is_dir():
+            raise RuntimeError(f"no @ subvolume at the top level of {device}")
+
+        factory = top / "@factory"
+        if factory.exists():
+            subprocess.run(
+                ["btrfs", "subvolume", "delete", str(factory)],
+                check=True, capture_output=True,
+            )
+
+        info("› snapshotting @ as @factory (read-only)")
+        subprocess.run(
+            ["btrfs", "subvolume", "snapshot", str(root_subvol), str(factory)],
+            check=True,
+        )
+        _scrub_factory_snapshot(factory)
+        subprocess.run(
+            ["btrfs", "property", "set", "-ts", str(factory), "ro", "true"],
+            check=True,
+        )
+    finally:
+        subprocess.run(["umount", str(top)], check=False, capture_output=True)
+
+
+# Provisioning credentials staged for THIS deployment's first boot must not
+# survive into the factory image: a reset years later would otherwise hand the
+# next owner the original deployment's SSH keys or rejoin its tailnet, and a
+# stale LUKS key (dead after the first re-key) has no business lingering.
+# The mkinitcpio/cmdline drop-ins go with the keyfile — a reset rebuild would
+# otherwise fail on FILES pointing at a scrubbed path.
+FACTORY_SCRUB_PATHS = (
+    "var/lib/omarchy/provisioning/authorized_keys",
+    "var/lib/omarchy/provisioning/luks-key",
+    "etc/omarchy/provisioning.key",
+    "etc/limine-entry-tool.d/99-omarchy-provisioning-unlock.conf",
+    "etc/mkinitcpio.conf.d/99-omarchy-provisioning-key.conf",
+    "etc/tailscale/authkey",
+    "etc/systemd/system/omarchy-tailscale-join.service",
+    "etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/omarchy-tailscale-join.service",
+)
+
+
+def _scrub_factory_snapshot(factory: Path) -> None:
+    for rel in FACTORY_SCRUB_PATHS:
+        (factory / rel).unlink(missing_ok=True)
+
+
+def _findmnt_value(path: Path, column: str) -> str | None:
+    res = subprocess.run(
+        ["findmnt", "-no", column, str(path)],
+        capture_output=True, text=True,
+    )
+    value = res.stdout.strip()
+    return value if res.returncode == 0 and value else None
+
+
 CPU_SYSFS = Path("/sys/devices/system/cpu")


@@ -1,224 +1,163 @@
-# OEM Install + First-Boot Setup Plan
+# OEM Install + Factory Reset Plan

 ## Goal

-Create a second ISO flavor for OEM preloading that is installed to internal storage at factory time, then boots into customer setup on first power-on (no external media required), and ends in a fully encrypted Omarchy install.
+An install mode that installs the entire system but defers user account setup to
+first boot. On first power-on the machine asks for the user, creates it, and
+lands in the already-installed system — the classic OEM out-of-box experience.
+The same machinery doubles as a "reset computer" option for wiping a machine
+before selling it.

-## Product Requirements
+## Core idea: "OEM state" as a first-class system state

- Factory can preload one image to internal disk.
- Customer first boot launches setup flow automatically (already works: `.automated_script.sh` runs configurator on tty1).
- Customer chooses credentials/settings.
- Final installed OS uses full-disk encryption (LUKS) with customer password (already works: configurator collects password and passes it to archinstall as `encryption_password`).
- Existing consumer ISO behavior remains unchanged.
+Define one canonical state — *fully installed, no user, setup pending* — and
+make both paths produce it:

---
+- **ISO OEM mode** ends the install in OEM state instead of creating the user.
+- **Reset** returns a running machine to OEM state.

-## Chosen Architecture
+OEM state is: a fully installed system plus `/var/lib/omarchy/oem/` containing:

-### Bootstrapping model
- OEM devices ship with an OEM bootstrap ISO image written to internal disk.
- On first boot, `copytoram=y` kernel arg loads the live environment into RAM, freeing the internal disk.
- Bootstrap environment launches existing configurator + installer.
- Installer performs a fresh install to internal disk with LUKS encryption enabled.
- Bootstrap environment is overwritten during install.
+| File | Purpose |
+|------|---------|
+| `pending` | Flag that arms the first-boot setup service |
+| `packages/node-v*.tar.gz` | Node tarball copied off the ISO's `/opt/packages` (~30MB) so `omarchy-finalize-user` works offline at first boot |
+| `groups` | Deferred `usermod -aG` groups written by system setup (see below) |
+| `luks-key` | Throwaway LUKS passphrase for encrypted installs, staged for auto-unlock until first-boot re-key |

-### Recovery model: zero-recovery
- No permanent recovery partition.
- Simplest and strongest security story.
- Recovery requires external reinstall media.
+## Why the seam is nearly clean already

---
+Everything in the orchestrator through `finalize_limine_boot` is
+user-independent except five touch points:

-## Non-Goals
+1. `installer.create_users` — useradd + password (root gets the same password).
+2. Three `usermod -aG` calls inside `omarchy-setup-system`'s scripts
+   (`config/docker.sh`, `hardware/input-group.sh`, `hardware/apple/fix-t2.sh` —
+   docker/input/video). This is the *only* reason `omarchy-setup-system`
+   requires the user to exist (its getent check).
+3. `run_chroot_finalizer` → `omarchy-finalize-user` as the user. Already
+   offline-safe: `/etc/skel` does the heavy seeding at useradd time,
+   `omarchy-mise-install` writes lazy wrappers, and the only external artifact
+   is the bundled Node tarball from `/opt/packages` (`install/user/mise.sh`).
+4. `configure_login` — SDDM `state.conf` and the encrypted-install autologin.
+5. Encryption — the user's password *is* the LUKS passphrase.

- No on-device recovery workflow.
- No changes to normal installer UX outside explicit OEM mode checks and warnings.
- No factory credential provisioning.
+Nothing in hardware setup, Limine, hibernation, snapper, or package
+installation cares who the user is.

---
+## First boot: `omarchy-oem-setup.service`

-## Repo Implementation Plan
+Ships in the omarchy runtime package (so reset can arm it without the ISO):

-## 1) Add OEM build mode
+- `ConditionPathExists=/var/lib/omarchy/oem/pending`
+- `Before=display-manager.service`, conflicts `getty@tty1`, TUI on tty1.
+- Runs the user form extracted from the configurator (Step 2: username,
+  password, full name, email). The configurator is bash+gum, so the form moves
+  into a runtime-shipped `omarchy-oem-setup` script that reuses the exact ISO
+  look (logo, Tokyo Night VT palette).

-### Files
- `bin/omarchy-iso-make`
- `builder/build-iso.sh`
+Then it does what the ISO would have done:

-### Changes
- Add CLI flag `--oem` to `bin/omarchy-iso-make`.
- Pass `OMARCHY_MODE=oem` into Docker build env (default `normal`).
- In `builder/build-iso.sh`, write mode marker `/root/omarchy_mode` containing `oem` or `normal` (same pattern as `omarchy_mirror`).
- Keep OEM on current boot stack (`uefi.grub` + `bios.syslinux`); do not add or depend on systemd-boot paths.
- When `OMARCHY_MODE=oem`, inject `copytoram=y` into all shipped OEM boot entry points before `mkarchiso` runs:
-  - `grub/grub.cfg`: append to `linux` cmdline entries.
-  - `grub/loopback.cfg`: append to `linux` cmdline entries.
-  - `syslinux/archiso_sys-linux.cfg`: append to `APPEND` lines.
- When `OMARCHY_MODE=oem`, remove accessibility/speakup boot entries:
-  - `grub/grub.cfg`: remove `archlinux-accessibility` menuentry.
-  - `grub/loopback.cfg`: remove `archlinux-accessibility` menuentry.
-  - `syslinux/archiso_sys-linux.cfg`: remove `arch64speech` label block.
- When `OMARCHY_MODE=oem`, override `iso_application` in `profiledef.sh` to `"Omarchy OEM Installer"`.
- Rename output ISO with `-oem` suffix (in addition to existing `-$OMARCHY_ISO_REF` suffix).
+1. `useradd` with wheel + the groups from `/var/lib/omarchy/oem/groups`,
+   set user + root password.
+2. `omarchy-finalize-user` as the user, with a setup context that points at the
+   stashed Node tarball (a sibling of the existing `iso-chroot` context).
+3. The `configure_login` writes: SDDM `state.conf`, autologin for encrypted
+   installs.
+4. If `luks-key` exists: `cryptsetup luksChangeKey` to the user's password,
+   delete the stash, remove the auto-unlock keyfile, rebuild initramfs.
+5. Git identity from the form (the `OMARCHY_USER_NAME`/`OMARCHY_USER_EMAIL`
+   path in `install/user/git.sh`).
+6. Remove `/var/lib/omarchy/oem/`, hand off to SDDM.

-### Hardening
- Add post-injection build assertion that fails build if any expected boot config does not contain `copytoram=y`.
- Add post-injection build assertion that fails build if any OEM boot config still contains accessibility/speakup entries.
- Make injection idempotent (do not duplicate `copytoram=y` if already present).
+The user lands in their session exactly like a normal install.

-### Acceptance criteria
- `./bin/omarchy-iso-make --oem` builds successfully.
- OEM ISO boot entries contain `copytoram=y` in all supported boot paths.
- OEM ISO does not expose accessibility/speakup boot entries.
- Normal build output and behavior remain unchanged.
+## Encryption: keep it, Pop!_OS-style

-### Suggested verification commands
- `bsdtar -xOf out/<iso>.iso boot/grub/grub.cfg | rg copytoram=y`
- `bsdtar -xOf out/<iso>.iso boot/grub/loopback.cfg | rg copytoram=y`
- `bsdtar -xOf out/<iso>.iso boot/syslinux/archiso_sys-linux.cfg | rg copytoram=y`
- `bsdtar -xOf out/<iso>.iso boot/grub/grub.cfg | rg 'accessibility|speakup'` (should return no matches)
- `bsdtar -xOf out/<iso>.iso boot/syslinux/archiso_sys-linux.cfg | rg 'speech|accessibility'` (should return no matches)
+Do not force OEM installs unencrypted. Install encrypted with a generated
+throwaway passphrase, stage a keyfile so boot auto-unlocks during the OEM
+window, and have first-boot setup re-key to the user's chosen password
+(step 4 above). Limine and mkinitcpio don't care what the passphrase is. This
+preserves encrypted-by-default without the machine builder ever knowing the end
+user's password.

---
+## ISO-side changes (this repo)

-## 2) Add OEM safety guardrails
+- **Configurator**: an OEM choice in the install-mode step that skips Step 2
+  (user), plus a cidata `oem` marker file that replaces the
+  `user_credentials.json` requirement — that's what actual OEM imaging rigs
+  will use via autoinstall.
+- **Orchestrator**: `oem: true` in the `omarchy_install` JSON. Swaps the three
+  user phases (`create_users` inside `arch_install_system`,
+  `run_chroot_finalizer`, the user parts of `configure_login`) for a
+  "stage OEM state" phase that writes `/var/lib/omarchy/oem/` and enables
+  `omarchy-oem-setup.service` in the target. `InstallContext.username` needs an
+  OEM-safe fallback (creds are absent).
+- **Factory snapshot**: at the end of *every* install (not just OEM), take a
+  read-only snapshot of `@` kept at the top level as `@factory` — outside
+  snapper's `.snapshots`, so cleanup timers and the Limine snapshot menu never
+  touch it. Zero bytes at creation; grows only with drift. This is what makes
+  reset a true factory reset.

-### Why
-OEM image boots from internal disk and later wipes that same disk. Live environment must be fully in RAM before install begins.
+## Runtime-side changes (omarchy repo)

-### File
- `configs/airootfs/root/.automated_script.sh`
+- `omarchy-oem-setup` + `omarchy-oem-setup.service` (the OOBE above).
+- `omarchy-system-factory-reset` (below).
+- Relax `omarchy-setup-system`: when the install user doesn't exist yet, the
+  three `usermod -aG` scripts append to `/var/lib/omarchy/oem/groups` instead
+  of failing the getent check.

-### Changes
- Before `run_configurator`, if `/root/omarchy_mode` is `oem`:
-  - Verify `/proc/cmdline` contains `copytoram=y`; abort with clear actionable error if missing.
-  - Verify factory hardware minimum using `MemTotal`:
-    - Require `MemTotal >= 8 GiB`.
-    - Abort with clear error if below minimum.
-  - Verify runtime memory safety using `MemAvailable`:
-    - Minimum threshold: `1.5 x ISO size + 1 GiB`.
-    - Abort with clear error if below threshold.
-  - Verify runtime state indicates live root is in RAM (for example, expected archiso runtime mounts present and boot media not actively mounted as install target path).
+## Reset: `omarchy-system-factory-reset`

-### Acceptance criteria
- OEM mode aborts safely if `copytoram=y` missing from cmdline.
- OEM mode aborts safely if `MemTotal < 8 GiB`.
- OEM mode aborts safely if `MemAvailable` below threshold.
- OEM mode aborts safely if runtime state does not confirm RAM-backed live environment.
+Behind a very explicit confirmation (typed, not y/n):

-### Error message requirements
- State exactly what failed.
- State why install is blocked.
- Provide next step (reboot using proper OEM media or use external recovery media).
+1. Point the default subvolume at a writable snapshot of `@factory`; stage a
+   next-boot wipe unit.
+2. On reboot: recreate `@home` (subvolume delete/create — instant, no rm -rf),
+   clear `@log`, delete snapper snapshots, reset machine-id, SSH host keys,
+   NetworkManager connections, Tailscale state, SDDM state; run `fstrim`.
+3. Re-arm OEM state: `pending` flag, `groups`, Node tarball (kept from install
+   or re-fetched into `@factory` at install time), and on encrypted machines a
+   throwaway LUKS re-key — the buyer never needs the seller's passphrase.

---
+Next boot is the same OOBE as a fresh OEM install. User-installed packages and
+/etc drift are gone, which is what "wipe and sell" actually promises.

-## 3) OEM disk warning
+Machines installed before `@factory` existed get a degraded reset — keep the
+current system, wipe users/state only — with that caveat surfaced in the
+confirmation.

-### Why
-With `copytoram=y`, archiso copies squashfs to RAM and releases boot device. Existing configurator call `findmnt -no SOURCE /run/archiso/bootmnt` may return empty, so exclusion filter is skipped and all physical disks are shown, including former boot disk. No disk selection logic change is required.
+### Honest limitations (document these)

-OEM mode still needs an unmistakable warning before destructive install proceeds.
+- On unencrypted disks this is deletion, not forensic erasure. `fstrim` helps
+  on SSDs; offer `cryptsetup reencrypt` or `blkdiscard` + reinstall for the
+  paranoid.
+- `luksChangeKey` changes the passphrase but not the volume key; freed extents
+  remain readable to someone with raw-device access and the new passphrase.
+  Same remedy as above.
+- A reset machine boots with day-one packages until it updates — same as a
+  fresh install.

-### File
- `configs/airootfs/root/configurator`
+## Sequencing

-### Changes
- Read mode from `/root/omarchy_mode`.
- If mode is `oem`, add OEM-specific warning text before existing destructive confirmation.
- Upgrade confirmation in OEM mode to explicit typed confirmation (for example: `YES, WIPE DISK`) while preserving existing normal-mode flow.
+The OOBE lives in the omarchy runtime package, but the ISO's OEM phase depends
+on it existing. So:

-### Acceptance criteria
- Normal ISO behavior is unchanged.
- OEM ISO shows OEM-specific warning before disk wipe confirmation.
- OEM typed confirmation is required before destructive action.
- In VM with `copytoram=y`, former boot disk appears in disk list without exclusion-logic changes.
+1. Ship the runtime side first (`omarchy-oem-setup`, service, reset command,
+   `omarchy-setup-system` relaxation).
+2. ISO OEM mode then asserts the service file exists in the target before
+   offering the mode.
+3. Factory snapshot can land with either half; reset requires both.

---
+## Validation

-## 4) Documentation
-
-### File
- `README.md`
-
-### Changes
- Document `--oem` build flag and resulting artifact naming.
- Document factory workflow: writing OEM ISO to internal disk and expected first-boot UX.
- Document failure and recovery behavior:
-  - Missing `copytoram=y`, `MemTotal < 8 GiB`, or low `MemAvailable` causes safe abort.
-  - Interrupted/failed install requires external reinstall media.
- Add short operator checklist for manufacturing line validation.
-
---
-
-## 5) Validation
-
-### VM test matrix
-1. Build OEM ISO.
-2. Write OEM ISO to virtual disk (not external media emulation).
-3. Boot from virtual disk and verify:
-   - `/proc/cmdline` contains `copytoram=y`.
-   - Guardrail checks pass in healthy case.
-   - OEM boot menu does not include accessibility/speech entries.
-4. Complete setup flow on first boot.
-5. Install to same disk.
-6. Reboot into installed OS.
-7. Verify encryption:
-   - `lsblk` shows crypt mapping.
-   - `cryptsetup status` reports active LUKS device.
-   - Boot requires unlock passphrase.
-8. Validate OEM warning + typed confirmation appears and gates destructive action.
-
-### Boot path coverage
- UEFI + GRUB path.
- BIOS/syslinux path (if still shipped).
-
-### Hardware test matrix
- UEFI test on at least two hardware families (Intel + AMD).
- Confirm no external media required.
- Confirm first boot starts setup automatically.
-
-### Negative tests
- OEM boot without `copytoram=y` -> safe abort with clear error.
- `MemTotal < 8 GiB` -> safe abort with clear error.
- Low `MemAvailable` -> safe abort with clear error.
- Runtime state not RAM-backed -> safe abort with clear error.
- Power interruption before installer starts -> deterministic reboot behavior.
- Power interruption during install -> recovery requires external media (documented).
-
---
-
-## 6) Security hardening checklist
-
- No factory credentials exist; customer sets all passwords at first boot.
- Clear shell history and transient setup artifacts at end of install.
- Verify no secrets in logs shipped to customer.
- Regenerate host identity on first installed boot as needed:
-  - `machine-id`
-  - SSH host keys (if installed/enabled)
- Keep package signature verification and keyring handling intact.
-
---
-
-## Rollout Plan
-
-1. Implement OEM build flag, mode marker, boot config injection, and build assertions.
-2. Implement copytoram, memory, and runtime-state guardrails in `.automated_script.sh`.
-3. Add OEM warning text and typed destructive confirmation in configurator.
-4. Add docs and operator checklist.
-5. Run VM matrix, including negative tests.
-6. Run hardware matrix.
-7. Cut first OEM preproduction release for manufacturing pilot.
-
---
-
-## Definition of Done
-
- `--oem` build exists and is documented.
- Device preloaded with OEM image boots directly to setup.
- Setup installs to internal disk without external media.
- Final installed system is LUKS-encrypted with customer-owned passphrase.
- OEM safety guardrails fail closed with actionable errors.
- Existing non-OEM ISO behavior remains unchanged.
- VM and hardware QA matrix pass.
+- VM: OEM install (encrypted + unencrypted) → reboot → OOBE → session; verify
+  LUKS passphrase is the user's, throwaway key gone, groups applied,
+  `omarchy-finalize-user` state marker present.
+- VM: normal install → use system → `omarchy-system-factory-reset` → OOBE as new
+  user; verify no trace of prior user (home, NM connections, tailscale,
+  machine-id, host keys, snapper snapshots).
+- Autoinstall: cidata drive with `oem` marker and no credentials → unattended
+  OEM install.
+- Negative: OEM ISO built against a runtime package lacking the service fails
+  the install with a clear error, not a user-less boot loop.
@@ -124,6 +124,58 @@ run_load || fail "required pair plus authorized_keys loads"
 [[ ! -e $sandbox/root/tailscale_authkey ]] || fail "absent tailscale_authkey is not copied"
 pass "present optional files are copied, absent ones skipped"

+# A defer-provisioning marker replaces user_credentials.json: deferred-provisioning installs
+# creation to first boot, so imaging rigs ship no credentials at all.
+new_sandbox
+attach_drive cidata
+echo '{"disk_config": {}}' >"$sandbox/media/user_configuration.json"
+: >"$sandbox/media/defer-provisioning"
+run_load || fail "config plus defer-provisioning marker loads"
+[[ -f $sandbox/root/defer-provisioning ]] || fail "defer-provisioning marker is copied"
+[[ ! -e $sandbox/root/user_credentials.json ]] || fail "defer-provisioning drive copies no credentials"
+pass "defer-provisioning marker stands in for credentials"
+
+# The defer-provisioning marker and credentials can coexist (rig supplies its own LUKS
+# passphrase in the credentials file); both are copied.
+new_sandbox
+attach_drive cidata
+write_required_pair
+: >"$sandbox/media/defer-provisioning"
+run_load || fail "defer-provisioning marker plus credentials loads"
+[[ -f $sandbox/root/defer-provisioning && -f $sandbox/root/user_credentials.json ]] || fail "both defer-provisioning marker and credentials are copied"
+pass "defer-provisioning marker plus credentials copies both"
+
+# An defer-provisioning marker without the configuration is still not an autoinstall drive.
+new_sandbox
+attach_drive cidata
+: >"$sandbox/media/defer-provisioning"
+! run_load || fail "defer-provisioning marker alone is not an autoinstall drive"
+[[ ! -e $sandbox/root/defer-provisioning ]] || fail "defer-provisioning marker alone copies nothing"
+pass "defer-provisioning marker alone falls back to the wizard"
+
+# Stale deferred-provisioning inputs from a previous load in the same session are cleared before
+# the current drive is copied: a normal drive must not inherit an old defer-provisioning
+# marker or credentials.
+new_sandbox
+attach_drive cidata
+write_required_pair
+: >"$sandbox/root/defer-provisioning"                       # leftover from a prior deferred-provisioning load
+echo 'old-keys' >"$sandbox/root/authorized_keys"
+run_load || fail "normal drive after a stale defer-provisioning load loads"
+[[ ! -e $sandbox/root/defer-provisioning ]] || fail "stale defer-provisioning marker is cleared"
+[[ ! -e $sandbox/root/authorized_keys ]] || fail "stale optional inputs are cleared"
+pass "stale deferred-provisioning inputs are cleared before loading a normal drive"
+
+# A drive that isn't an autoinstall drive at all still clears stale inputs so
+# the wizard that follows doesn't inherit them.
+new_sandbox
+attach_drive cidata
+echo '{"disk_config": {}}' >"$sandbox/media/user_configuration.json" # half a pair
+: >"$sandbox/root/defer-provisioning"
+! run_load || fail "half-pair drive still falls back"
+[[ ! -e $sandbox/root/defer-provisioning ]] || fail "stale defer-provisioning marker cleared even on fallback"
+pass "stale inputs are cleared even when falling back to the wizard"
+
 # Half the required pair is not an autoinstall drive: unmount and fall back.
 new_sandbox
 attach_drive cidata
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ class ConfigureSshAccessTest(unittest.TestCase):
        if authorized_keys is not None:
            authorized_keys_path = self.target / "authorized_keys"
            authorized_keys_path.write_text(authorized_keys)
-        return types.SimpleNamespace(target=self.target, username="jeff", authorized_keys_path=authorized_keys_path)
+        return types.SimpleNamespace(target=self.target, username="jeff", authorized_keys_path=authorized_keys_path, defer_provisioning=False)

    def configure(self, **kwargs):
        phases_impl.configure_ssh_access(self.ctx(**kwargs))
@@ -14,14 +14,30 @@ KEYBOARD = importlib.util.module_from_spec(SPEC)
 assert SPEC.loader
 SPEC.loader.exec_module(KEYBOARD)

-CONFIGURATOR = (ROOT / "configs/airootfs/root/configurator").read_text()
-KEYBOARD_BLOCK = re.search(r"keyboards=\$'(.*?)'\n  choice=", CONFIGURATOR, re.DOTALL)
-assert KEYBOARD_BLOCK
-SUPPORTED_KEYMAPS = [
-    line.split("|", 1)[1]
-    for line in KEYBOARD_BLOCK.group(1).splitlines()
-]
-UNSUPPORTED_KEYMAPS = {"ba", "khmer"}
+# The layout list lives in the Omarchy runtime now, shared verbatim with the
+# first-boot owner setup; build-iso.sh vendors it onto the ISO. Read it from
+# wherever this checkout can see a runtime, and skip the coverage test rather
+# than fail when none is around (a bare CI checkout of just this repo).
+SETUP_FORM_CANDIDATES = (
+    Path("/omarchy-source/install/provisioning/setup-form.sh"),
+    ROOT.parent / "omarchy/install/provisioning/setup-form.sh",
+    Path("/usr/share/omarchy/install/provisioning/setup-form.sh"),
+)
+
+
+def supported_keymaps():
+    for candidate in SETUP_FORM_CANDIDATES:
+        if not candidate.is_file():
+            continue
+        block = re.search(
+            r"OMARCHY_KEYBOARD_LAYOUTS=\$'(.*?)'\n", candidate.read_text(), re.DOTALL
+        )
+        assert block, f"no layout list in {candidate}"
+        return [line.split("|", 1)[1] for line in block.group(1).splitlines()]
+    return None
+
+
+SUPPORTED_KEYMAPS = supported_keymaps()


 class KeyboardConfigurationTest(unittest.TestCase):
@@ -45,15 +61,15 @@ class KeyboardConfigurationTest(unittest.TestCase):
            self.assertEqual(lines.count("FONT=default8x16"), 1)

    def test_all_configurator_keymaps_are_known_to_localectl(self):
+        if SUPPORTED_KEYMAPS is None:
+            self.skipTest("no Omarchy runtime checkout to read the layout list from")
        for keymap in SUPPORTED_KEYMAPS:
            with self.subTest(keymap=keymap), tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as directory:
                target = self.target(directory)
-                configured = KEYBOARD.configure_keyboard(target, keymap)
-                self.assertEqual(configured, keymap not in UNSUPPORTED_KEYMAPS)
-                if configured:
-                    lines = (target / "etc/vconsole.conf").read_text().splitlines()
-                    self.assertIn(f"KEYMAP={keymap}", lines)
-                    self.assertEqual(lines.count("FONT=default8x16"), 1)
+                self.assertTrue(KEYBOARD.configure_keyboard(target, keymap))
+                lines = (target / "etc/vconsole.conf").read_text().splitlines()
+                self.assertIn(f"KEYMAP={keymap}", lines)
+                self.assertEqual(lines.count("FONT=default8x16"), 1)

    def test_unknown_and_empty_keymaps_match_archinstall_behavior(self):
        for keymap, expected in (("definitely-not-a-keymap", False), ("", True)):
@@ -0,0 +1,440 @@
+"""Unit tests for deferred-provisioning install support in the orchestrator.
+
+Covers the InstallContext deferred-provisioning plumbing (marker file, credential-less input,
+throwaway LUKS passphrase injection) and the stage_provisioning_state /
+create_factory_snapshot / configure_login phases against a temp target with
+subprocess mocked out.
+"""
+
+import json
+import os
+import sys
+import tempfile
+import types
+import unittest
+from pathlib import Path
+from subprocess import CompletedProcess
+from unittest import mock
+
+sys.path.insert(0, str(Path(__file__).resolve().parent.parent / "configs/airootfs/usr/share/omarchy-iso"))
+
+sys.modules.setdefault(
+    "orchestrator.archinstall_adapter", types.ModuleType("orchestrator.archinstall_adapter")
+)
+
+from orchestrator import phases_impl  # noqa: E402
+from orchestrator.context import InstallContext  # noqa: E402
+
+
+class ContextDeferProvisioningTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.tmp = tempfile.TemporaryDirectory()
+        self.addCleanup(self.tmp.cleanup)
+        self.dir = Path(self.tmp.name)
+        self.state_dir = self.dir / "state"
+
+        self.env = {
+            "OMARCHY_INSTALL_CONFIG": str(self.dir / "user_configuration.json"),
+            "OMARCHY_INSTALL_CREDS": str(self.dir / "user_credentials.json"),
+            "OMARCHY_INSTALL_STATE_DIR": str(self.state_dir),
+        }
+
+    def write_config(self, config):
+        (self.dir / "user_configuration.json").write_text(json.dumps(config))
+
+    def write_creds(self, creds):
+        (self.dir / "user_credentials.json").write_text(json.dumps(creds))
+
+    def from_env(self, **extra_env):
+        env = {**self.env, **extra_env}
+        with mock.patch.dict(os.environ, env, clear=False):
+            for key in ("OMARCHY_INSTALL_DEFER_PROVISIONING_FILE",):
+                if key not in env:
+                    os.environ.pop(key, None)
+            return InstallContext.from_env()
+
+    def base_config(self, defer_provisioning=None, disk_encryption=None):
+        config = {
+            "disk_config": {"config_type": "default_layout"},
+            "omarchy_install": {"mode": "full_disk", "target_mount": "/mnt"},
+        }
+        if defer_provisioning is not None:
+            config["omarchy_install"]["defer_provisioning"] = defer_provisioning
+        if disk_encryption is not None:
+            config["disk_config"]["disk_encryption"] = disk_encryption
+        return config
+
+    def test_defer_provisioning_flag_from_config(self):
+        self.write_config(self.base_config(defer_provisioning=True))
+        ctx = self.from_env()
+        self.assertTrue(ctx.defer_provisioning)
+        self.assertEqual(ctx.user_credentials, {"users": []})
+        self.assertEqual(ctx.username, "")
+
+    def test_marker_file_arms_deferred_provisioning_without_credentials(self):
+        self.write_config(self.base_config())
+        marker = self.dir / "defer_provisioning"
+        marker.touch()
+        ctx = self.from_env(OMARCHY_INSTALL_DEFER_PROVISIONING_FILE=str(marker))
+        self.assertTrue(ctx.defer_provisioning)
+        self.assertTrue(ctx.omarchy_install["defer_provisioning"])
+
+    def test_absent_marker_file_is_not_deferred_provisioning(self):
+        self.write_config(self.base_config())
+        self.write_creds({"users": [{"username": "jeff"}]})
+        ctx = self.from_env(OMARCHY_INSTALL_DEFER_PROVISIONING_FILE=str(self.dir / "missing-defer_provisioning"))
+        self.assertFalse(ctx.defer_provisioning)
+        self.assertEqual(ctx.username, "jeff")
+
+    def test_missing_credentials_without_defer_provisioning_raises(self):
+        self.write_config(self.base_config())
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(RuntimeError, "credentials file missing"):
+            self.from_env()
+
+    def test_deferred_provisioning_generates_throwaway_luks_passphrase(self):
+        self.write_config(self.base_config(defer_provisioning=True, disk_encryption={
+            "encryption_type": "luks", "partitions": ["x"],
+        }))
+        ctx = self.from_env()
+
+        password = ctx.user_configuration["disk_config"]["disk_encryption"]["encryption_password"]
+        self.assertTrue(password)
+        self.assertEqual(ctx.user_credentials["encryption_password"], password)
+
+        # archinstall reads both files from disk; the injected passphrase must
+        # be present in each.
+        arch_config = json.loads(ctx.arch_config_path.read_text())
+        self.assertEqual(
+            arch_config["disk_config"]["disk_encryption"]["encryption_password"], password
+        )
+        synthesized = json.loads(ctx.creds_path.read_text())
+        self.assertEqual(synthesized["encryption_password"], password)
+
+    def test_deferred_provisioning_reuses_rig_supplied_passphrase(self):
+        self.write_config(self.base_config(defer_provisioning=True, disk_encryption={
+            "encryption_type": "luks", "partitions": ["x"],
+        }))
+        self.write_creds({"users": [], "encryption_password": "rig-secret"})
+        ctx = self.from_env()
+        self.assertEqual(
+            ctx.user_configuration["disk_config"]["disk_encryption"]["encryption_password"],
+            "rig-secret",
+        )
+
+    def test_deferred_provisioning_discards_account_material(self):
+        # A rig credentials file must not smuggle in users or a root password.
+        self.write_config(self.base_config(defer_provisioning=True))
+        self.write_creds({
+            "users": [{"username": "backdoor", "enc_password": "x", "sudo": True}],
+            "root_enc_password": "x",
+            "encryption_password": "rig-secret",
+        })
+        ctx = self.from_env()
+        self.assertEqual(ctx.user_credentials["users"], [])
+        self.assertNotIn("root_enc_password", ctx.user_credentials)
+        self.assertEqual(ctx.user_credentials["encryption_password"], "rig-secret")
+        synthesized = json.loads(ctx.creds_path.read_text())
+        self.assertEqual(synthesized["users"], [])
+        self.assertNotIn("root_enc_password", synthesized)
+
+    def test_defer_provisioning_strips_account_fields(self):
+        config = self.base_config(defer_provisioning=True)
+        config["!users"] = [{"username": "rig"}]
+        config["!root-password"] = "hunter2"
+        config["root_enc_password"] = "x"
+        config["auth_config"] = {"users": [{"username": "rig"}], "root_enc_password": "x"}
+        self.write_config(config)
+        ctx = self.from_env()
+
+        arch_config = json.loads(ctx.arch_config_path.read_text())
+        for key in ("!users", "!root-password", "root_enc_password", "users"):
+            self.assertNotIn(key, arch_config)
+        self.assertEqual(arch_config["auth_config"], {})
+
+    def test_deferred_provisioning_unencrypted_touches_nothing(self):
+        self.write_config(self.base_config(defer_provisioning=True))
+        ctx = self.from_env()
+        self.assertNotIn("encryption_password", ctx.user_credentials)
+
+
+def make_ctx(target, **overrides):
+    defaults = dict(
+        target=target,
+        defer_provisioning=True,
+        encrypt=False,
+        username="",
+        omarchy_install={"mode": "full_disk", "defer_provisioning": True, "storage": {}},
+        user_configuration={"disk_config": {}},
+        user_credentials={"users": []},
+        state_dir=target / "state",
+        authorized_keys_path=None,
+    )
+    defaults.update(overrides)
+    return types.SimpleNamespace(**defaults)
+
+
+class StageProvisioningStateTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.tmp = tempfile.TemporaryDirectory()
+        self.addCleanup(self.tmp.cleanup)
+        self.target = Path(self.tmp.name) / "mnt"
+        self.target.mkdir()
+
+        info_patch = mock.patch.object(phases_impl, "info")
+        info_patch.start()
+        self.addCleanup(info_patch.stop)
+
+        # A fake bundled Node tarball on the "live ISO".
+        self.packages = Path(self.tmp.name) / "opt-packages"
+        self.packages.mkdir()
+        (self.packages / "node-v24.0.0-linux-x64.tar.gz").write_bytes(b"node")
+        node_patch = mock.patch.object(phases_impl, "NODE_PACKAGES_DIR", self.packages)
+        node_patch.start()
+        self.addCleanup(node_patch.stop)
+
+    def install_runtime_provisioning_support(self):
+        service = self.target / "usr/share/omarchy/install/provisioning/omarchy-provision-owner.service"
+        service.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+        service.write_text("[Unit]\n")
+        setup_bin = self.target / "usr/bin/omarchy-provision-owner"
+        setup_bin.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+        setup_bin.write_text("#!/bin/bash\n")
+
+    def provisioning_dir(self):
+        return self.target / "var/lib/omarchy/provisioning"
+
+    def test_normal_install_stages_only_the_node_tarball(self):
+        ctx = make_ctx(self.target, defer_provisioning=False)
+        phases_impl.stage_provisioning_state(ctx)
+
+        self.assertTrue((self.provisioning_dir() / "packages/node-v24.0.0-linux-x64.tar.gz").exists())
+        self.assertFalse((self.provisioning_dir() / "pending").exists())
+        self.assertFalse((self.target / "etc/systemd/system/omarchy-provision-owner.service").exists())
+
+    def test_deferred_provisioning_against_runtime_without_support_fails_clearly(self):
+        ctx = make_ctx(self.target)
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(RuntimeError, "does not ship"):
+            phases_impl.stage_provisioning_state(ctx)
+
+    def test_deferred_provisioning_without_node_tarball_fails(self):
+        for tarball in self.packages.glob("*.tar.gz"):
+            tarball.unlink()
+        self.install_runtime_provisioning_support()
+        ctx = make_ctx(self.target)
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(RuntimeError, "Node tarball"):
+            phases_impl.stage_provisioning_state(ctx)
+
+    def test_missing_node_tarball_fails_normal_installs_too(self):
+        # The stash is what makes a later factory reset work offline.
+        for tarball in self.packages.glob("*.tar.gz"):
+            tarball.unlink()
+        ctx = make_ctx(self.target, defer_provisioning=False)
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(RuntimeError, "Node tarball"):
+            phases_impl.stage_provisioning_state(ctx)
+
+    def test_deferred_provisioning_arms_first_boot_setup(self):
+        self.install_runtime_provisioning_support()
+        ctx = make_ctx(self.target)
+        phases_impl.stage_provisioning_state(ctx)
+
+        self.assertTrue((self.provisioning_dir() / "pending").exists())
+        self.assertTrue((self.target / "etc/systemd/system/omarchy-provision-owner.service").exists())
+        link = self.target / "etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/omarchy-provision-owner.service"
+        self.assertTrue(link.is_symlink())
+        self.assertEqual(
+            os.readlink(link), "/etc/systemd/system/omarchy-provision-owner.service"
+        )
+        # Unencrypted: no LUKS staging.
+        self.assertFalse((self.provisioning_dir() / "luks-key").exists())
+
+    def test_deferred_provisioning_encrypted_stages_luks_auto_unlock(self):
+        self.install_runtime_provisioning_support()
+        ctx = make_ctx(
+            self.target,
+            user_configuration={"disk_config": {"disk_encryption": {
+                "encryption_type": "luks",
+                "encryption_password": "throwaway-secret",
+            }}},
+        )
+        phases_impl.stage_provisioning_state(ctx)
+
+        # Byte-for-byte the slot passphrase — no trailing newline.
+        self.assertEqual((self.provisioning_dir() / "luks-key").read_text(), "throwaway-secret")
+        keyfile = self.target / "etc/omarchy/provisioning.key"
+        self.assertEqual(keyfile.read_text(), "throwaway-secret")
+        self.assertEqual(keyfile.stat().st_mode & 0o777, 0o600)
+
+        cmdline = (self.target / "etc/limine-entry-tool.d/99-omarchy-provisioning-unlock.conf").read_text()
+        self.assertIn("cryptkey=rootfs:/etc/omarchy/provisioning.key", cmdline)
+        files = (self.target / "etc/mkinitcpio.conf.d/99-omarchy-provisioning-key.conf").read_text()
+        self.assertIn("FILES+=(/etc/omarchy/provisioning.key)", files)
+
+    def test_deferred_provisioning_pre_encrypted_without_passphrase_fails(self):
+        self.install_runtime_provisioning_support()
+        ctx = make_ctx(
+            self.target,
+            omarchy_install={"mode": "protected", "defer_provisioning": True, "storage": {"luks_uuid": "abc"}},
+        )
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(RuntimeError, "passphrase"):
+            phases_impl.stage_provisioning_state(ctx)
+
+
+class ConfigureLoginDeferProvisioningTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.tmp = tempfile.TemporaryDirectory()
+        self.addCleanup(self.tmp.cleanup)
+        self.target = Path(self.tmp.name)
+        self.calls = []
+
+        run_patch = mock.patch.object(
+            phases_impl.subprocess, "run",
+            side_effect=lambda cmd, **kw: (self.calls.append(cmd), CompletedProcess(cmd, 0))[1],
+        )
+        run_patch.start()
+        self.addCleanup(run_patch.stop)
+
+    def test_deferred_provisioning_login_leaves_user_state_to_first_boot(self):
+        ctx = make_ctx(self.target, encrypt=True)
+        phases_impl.configure_login(ctx)
+
+        self.assertTrue((self.target / "etc/sddm.conf.d/99-omarchy-login.conf").exists())
+        self.assertFalse((self.target / "etc/sddm.conf.d/autologin.conf").exists())
+        self.assertFalse((self.target / "var/lib/sddm/state.conf").exists())
+        self.assertTrue(any("sddm.service" in cmd for cmd in self.calls))
+
+    def test_normal_encrypted_login_still_autologs_in(self):
+        ctx = make_ctx(self.target, defer_provisioning=False, encrypt=True, username="jeff")
+        phases_impl.configure_login(ctx)
+
+        autologin = (self.target / "etc/sddm.conf.d/autologin.conf").read_text()
+        self.assertIn("User=jeff", autologin)
+        state = (self.target / "var/lib/sddm/state.conf").read_text()
+        self.assertIn("User=jeff", state)
+
+
+class ConfigureSshAccessDeferProvisioningTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.tmp = tempfile.TemporaryDirectory()
+        self.addCleanup(self.tmp.cleanup)
+        self.target = Path(self.tmp.name) / "mnt"
+        self.target.mkdir()
+
+        info_patch = mock.patch.object(phases_impl, "info")
+        info_patch.start()
+        self.addCleanup(info_patch.stop)
+
+        def fake_run(cmd, **kwargs):
+            self.calls.append(cmd)
+            if "ufw" in cmd:
+                rules = self.target / "etc/ufw/user.rules"
+                rules.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+                rules.write_text("-A ufw-user-input -p tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT\n")
+            return CompletedProcess(cmd, 0)
+
+        self.calls = []
+        run_patch = mock.patch.object(phases_impl.subprocess, "run", side_effect=fake_run)
+        run_patch.start()
+        self.addCleanup(run_patch.stop)
+
+    def test_deferred_provisioning_stages_keys_for_first_boot(self):
+        keys = Path(self.tmp.name) / "authorized_keys"
+        keys.write_text("ssh-ed25519 AAAA rig@host\n")
+        ctx = make_ctx(self.target, authorized_keys_path=keys)
+
+        phases_impl.configure_ssh_access(ctx)
+
+        staged = self.target / "var/lib/omarchy/provisioning/authorized_keys"
+        self.assertEqual(staged.read_text(), "ssh-ed25519 AAAA rig@host\n")
+        self.assertEqual(staged.stat().st_mode & 0o777, 0o600)
+        # No user yet — nothing under /home, no chown.
+        self.assertFalse((self.target / "home").exists())
+        self.assertFalse(any("chown" in cmd for cmd in self.calls))
+        # The door is still opened for first boot.
+        self.assertTrue(any("sshd.service" in cmd for cmd in self.calls))
+
+
+class CreateFactorySnapshotTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.tmp = tempfile.TemporaryDirectory()
+        self.addCleanup(self.tmp.cleanup)
+        self.target = Path(self.tmp.name) / "mnt"
+        self.target.mkdir()
+        self.state_dir = Path(self.tmp.name) / "state"
+        self.state_dir.mkdir()
+
+        info_patch = mock.patch.object(phases_impl, "info")
+        info_patch.start()
+        self.addCleanup(info_patch.stop)
+
+        self.findmnt = {
+            "FSTYPE": "btrfs",
+            "OPTIONS": "rw,noatime,compress=zstd:3,subvol=/@",
+            "SOURCE": "/dev/mapper/omarchy_root[/@]",
+        }
+        self.calls = []
+
+        def fake_run(cmd, **kwargs):
+            self.calls.append(cmd)
+            if cmd[0] == "findmnt":
+                return CompletedProcess(cmd, 0, stdout=self.findmnt[cmd[2]] + "\n", stderr="")
+            if cmd[0] == "mount":
+                # Simulate the top level containing @.
+                (Path(cmd[-1]) / "@").mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+            return CompletedProcess(cmd, 0, stdout="", stderr="")
+
+        run_patch = mock.patch.object(phases_impl.subprocess, "run", side_effect=fake_run)
+        run_patch.start()
+        self.addCleanup(run_patch.stop)
+
+    def ctx(self):
+        return make_ctx(self.target, defer_provisioning=False, state_dir=self.state_dir)
+
+    def test_snapshots_root_as_factory(self):
+        phases_impl.create_factory_snapshot(self.ctx())
+
+        top = str(self.state_dir / "factory-top")
+        self.assertIn(["mount", "-o", "subvolid=5", "/dev/mapper/omarchy_root", top], self.calls)
+        self.assertIn(
+            ["btrfs", "subvolume", "snapshot", f"{top}/@", f"{top}/@factory"],
+            self.calls,
+        )
+        self.assertIn(
+            ["btrfs", "property", "set", "-ts", f"{top}/@factory", "ro", "true"],
+            self.calls,
+        )
+        self.assertIn(["umount", top], self.calls)
+
+    def test_factory_snapshot_scrubs_provisioning_credentials(self):
+        # Simulate the snapshot carrying deployment credentials; the scrub
+        # must drop them before the snapshot goes read-only.
+        top = self.state_dir / "factory-top"
+        factory = top / "@factory"
+        secrets = [
+            factory / "var/lib/omarchy/provisioning/authorized_keys",
+            factory / "etc/tailscale/authkey",
+            factory / "etc/omarchy/provisioning.key",
+        ]
+        keep = factory / "var/lib/omarchy/provisioning/groups"
+        for path in [*secrets, keep]:
+            path.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+            path.write_text("secret")
+
+        phases_impl.create_factory_snapshot(self.ctx())
+
+        for path in secrets:
+            self.assertFalse(path.exists(), path)
+        self.assertTrue(keep.exists())
+
+    def test_non_btrfs_target_skips(self):
+        self.findmnt["FSTYPE"] = "ext4"
+        phases_impl.create_factory_snapshot(self.ctx())
+        self.assertFalse(any(cmd[0] == "mount" for cmd in self.calls))
+
+    def test_non_subvol_root_skips(self):
+        self.findmnt["OPTIONS"] = "rw,noatime"
+        phases_impl.create_factory_snapshot(self.ctx())
+        self.assertFalse(any(cmd[0] == "mount" for cmd in self.calls))
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()